Deck 11: Adulthood: Emerging Adulthood

Question 1

By the age of 6 years, the brain has attained about half its adult weight.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A child's appetite increases between the ages of 2 and 6.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

By 4 years of age, most children no longer have the large heads, short limbs, and protruding stomachs that toddlers do.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The corpus callosum connects the hemispheres of the brain.

Question 5

The center of gravity in a 6-year-old drops from the breast to the belly, enabling many motor skills.

Question 6

The amygdala registers emotions.

Question 7

The cerebellum is considered the executive of the brain because planning and prioritizing occur there.

Question 8

Failure to brush the teeth is the primary cause of early tooth decay.

Question 9

Eduardo is a natural-born musician with the ability to pick up and play nearly any musical instrument. His musical talent is controlled by the left side of his brain.

Question 10

Many parents fear that their children are not getting enough to eat during early childhood, which can contribute to childhood obesity.

Question 11

In most people, language abilities are located in the left hemisphere of the brain.

Question 12

Research found that 2-year-old humans have similar intellectual abilities as chimpanzees.

Question 13

Too much sugar and too little fiber cause tooth decay in childhood.

Question 14

The hypothalamus is a central processor of memory, especially with regard to locations.

Question 15

The part of the brain that specializes in planning and prioritizing is the prefrontal cortex.

Question 16

Impulsiveness and perseveration are opposite behaviors with the same underlying cause.

Question 17

Myelination is essential for basic communication between neurons.

Question 18

Perseveration is the tendency to continue an activity even when it has become inappropriate to do so.

Question 19

The 2-year-old brain has attained about 75 percent of its adult weight.

Question 20

The right side of the brain controls the right side of the body.

Question 21

The process by which people learn from others who lead their experiences and explorations is called guided participation.

Question 22

A theory of mind is one's own personal understanding of the complex interaction among emotions, perceptions, thoughts, and intentions in oneself and others.

Question 23

The vocabulary explosion typically occurs at about 1 year of age.

Question 24

By the age of 6, many children have a vocabulary of about 10,000 words.

Question 25

According to Piaget, the preoperational child is incapable of understanding irreversibility.

Question 26

Overregularization is actually a sign of increased verbal knowledge.

Question 27

Ten-year-old Sarah and 5-year-old Haley were making a special birthday card for their grandmother. By patiently showing Haley how to carefully glue the lace around the card's edges, Sarah was providing scaffolding for Haley.

Question 28

Preoperational thought involves magical, self-centered imagination rather than logic.

Question 29

The charting of new vocabulary words by associating them with already-known words is called fast-mapping.

Question 30

Children display evidence of fast-mapping before the age of 1.

Question 31

Overimitation is demonstrated when 2- to 6-year-old children imitate adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and inefficient.

Question 32

Egocentrism is Piaget's term for a particular type of centration, in which the child thinks about the world from his or her own perspective.

Question 33

The temporary, sensitive structure provided by others to a developing child who is learning new skills is known as the zone of proximal development.

Question 34

Centration is an obstacle to developing logical operations.

Question 35

The best time to learn a second language is in adolescence.

Question 36

Conservation refers to a child's assumption that the world is unchanging.

Question 37

Vygotsky's followers believe in scaffolding, a learning process that involves mentors who guide the child.

Question 38

The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is static reasoning.

Question 39

The development of theory of mind has been demonstrated only in more affluent cultures.

Question 40

Vygotsky believed that cognitive growth was a process of individual discovery, propelled by experience and biological maturation.

Question 41

It is always better for a young child to attend preschool than to be home with a parent.

Question 42

Researchers had children sort picture cards by shape. Then they asked the same children to sort the same cards by color. They found that children under the age of 4 _____.

A) could easily switch their original sorting pattern
B) could switch to sorting by shape but not by color
C) could switch to sorting by color but not by shape
D) had difficulty changing to a new sorting pattern

Question 43

Bernie is a 5-year-old who has never visited a dentist, even though his family has dental insurance that allows for free regular checkups. His parents say that they will start taking him to the dentist when his first permanent tooth erupts. What should his parents know about delayed dental care?

A) Untreated decay in "baby" teeth can harm permanent teeth.
B) There is no medical need to visit a dentist before permanent teeth emerge.
C) Visiting the dentist at a young age will cause the child to fear the dentist.
D) Children do not need to brush their baby teeth but they should visit the dentist to get fluoride treatments.

Question 44

Which of the following is most likely the difference between the brain of Tarik, a 2-year-old, and Terrence, his father?

A) Tarik's brain is about 75 percent of the weight of Terrence's.
B) Terrence's brain has more activity in the angular gyrus than Tarik's.
C) Tarik's brain is the same weight at Terrence's.
D) Terrence's brain is less lateralized than Tarik's.

Question 45

Montessori schools focus on using materials and projects in such a way that children have a strong sense of accomplishment.

Question 46

Which statement about oral health is true?

A) It is not necessary to brush until children start to lose their baby teeth.
B) Almost all young children in the United States have been to the dentist.
C) Diet soda is a good option to help prevent tooth decay in children.
D) Young children should develop the habit of tooth brushing.

Question 47

Reggio Emilia programs emphasize formal classroom instruction by the teacher.

Question 48

A common food allergy for young children is _____.

A) soy
B) rice
C) oats
D) bananas

Question 49

Juan is left-handed and always kicks with his left foot when playing soccer. This preference demonstrates _____, which advances with the development of the corpus callosum.

A) myelination
B) lateralization
C) pragmatics
D) overregularization

Question 50

Over the past three decades, what has been the trend in children's health and body growth in Brazil?

A) Children have gone from suffering malnutrition to being healthy.
B) Children have become more impoverished, leading to malnutrition.
C) Children have become less impoverished, which has led to malnutrition.
D) Children no longer suffer from undernutrition, but now face overnutrition.

Question 51

Cynthia wants to keep her son from getting cavities, so she gives him diet soda instead of regular soda. Her dentist tells her that her strategy won't work because _____.

A) diet soda is sweetened using high fructose corn syrup
B) all sweetened beverages can lead to tooth decay
C) diet soda contains the calcium needed for strong teeth
D) diet soda will keep the fluoride in drinking water from being ingested

Question 52

Between the ages of 2 and 6, a child's appetite _____.

A) increases slightly
B) increases dramatically
C) stays the same
D) decreases

Question 53

A person's average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest at the ages of _____.

A) 1 to 2
B) 5 to 6
C) 9 to 10
D) 13 to 14

Question 54

To ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake, what is recommended?

A) Eat six to eight times a day.
B) Take vitamin and mineral supplements.
C) Eat breakfast cereals that contain 100 percent of the day's nutrients and vitamins.
D) Eat well-balanced meals with a variety of foods.

Question 55

A 2-year-old human's brain is _____ percent of the adult brain's weight.

A) 55
B) 65
C) 75
D) 80

Question 56

Studies suggest that preschool education, such as that provided by Head Start, advances the social and academic development of disadvantaged children.

Question 57

A language shift occurs when children become as fluent in their new language as they are in their home language.

Question 58

If a child's home environment is poor, early-education programs won't be beneficial.

Question 59

Teacher-directed preschool programs are similar in nature to the Reggio Emilia approach.

Question 60

Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth.

Question 61

Lin is able to play "Go Fish," a card game that requires quick thinking. What brain change most directly supports his ability to think quickly?

A) hypothalamic functioning
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons

Question 62

Nicoli suffered a stroke in the left hemisphere of his brain. Which of the following skills is most likely to have been affected?

A) speech
B) face recognition
C) emotion processing
D) location in space

Question 63

Nathan, a 4-year-old, is playing with his building blocks. When his mother announces that they have to leave to pick up his sister, he launches into a tantrum. What is the best explanation for Nathan's reaction?

A) Nathan is perseverating on the building blocks.
B) Nathan is spoiled.
C) Nathan's mother should have given a warning.
D) Four-year-olds throw many tantrums.

Question 64

A disorder that may result from abnormal development of the corpus callosum is _____.

A) hearing impairment
B) nearsightedness
C) extreme impulsivity
D) autism spectrum disorder

Question 65

Isaac suffered a brain injury as a result of an automobile accident. His abilities to speak and to process language were severely affected. His injury was to the _____.

A) right side of his brain
B) left side of his brain
C) corpus collosum
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 66

The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is called _____.

A) myelination
B) action potential
C) transmission
D) mylarization

Question 67

The left side of the brain notices _____, while the right side grasps _____.

A) the big picture; the details
B) the details; emotions
C) emotions; language
D) creative impulses; detailed analysis

Question 68

The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is _____.

A) myelination
B) the corpus callosum
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) the axon cord

Question 69

Myelination is important because it _____.

A) connects the two halves of the brain
B) compensates for loss of brain function due to injury
C) promotes regular childhood sleep patterns
D) speeds up the transmission of neural impulses

Question 70

Steven, a 6-year-old, can correctly name objects, catch a ball and throw it, and write his ABCs in proper sequence. His younger brother Harvey is much less speedy and skillful in all of these areas. What is the best explanation for Steven's superior performance?

A) Steven most likely eats healthier foods than Harvey.
B) Steven's brain has experienced greater myelination than Harvey's.
C) Steven's frontal cortex is less mature than Harvey's.
D) Steven has fewer dendrites than Harvey.

Question 71

Beth is a 3-year-old who is working on a craft project at preschool. She has to be repeatedly reminded to sit still, to continue working on the craft, and to stop interfering with her classmate's work. What is the most likely explanation for Beth's behavior?

A) She is not artistically inclined.
B) She is displaying normal lack of impulse control.
C) She is not yet mature enough to be in preschool.
D) She has ADHD.

Question 72

The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to _____.

A) eating healthy foods
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons

Question 73

Today, about _____ percent of people in Great Britain and the United States are left-handed.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 50

Question 74

Alden is beginning to learn how to write. He can hold a pencil in one hand and steady the paper with his other hand. This new ability to coordinate the duties of his right and left hands is likely due to _____.

A) the growth of his corpus callosum
B) his arms and legs growing longer
C) his brain's lateralization
D) adequate calcium in his diet

Question 75

The number of people who claim to be left-handed in the United States and Great Britain has ____ since 1900.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) become equal to rates of right-handedness

Question 76

Today, about 10 percent of adults in Great Britain and the United States claim to be _____.

A) left-handed
B) right-handed
C) left hemisphere dominant
D) right hemisphere dominant

Question 77

Jerome is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of his body more efficiently. This improvement can be attributed to _____.

A) the growth of his corpus callosum
B) his arms and legs growing longer
C) his brain's lateralization
D) adequate protein in his diet

Question 78

During a long car trip, Lex and Nicole asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their father became irritated. His children were exhibiting _____.

A) impulsiveness
B) emotional regulation
C) perseveration
D) habituation

Question 79

The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called _____.

A) lateralization
B) linearization
C) equalization
D) disequilibrium

Question 80

One of several possible causes of autism spectrum disorder may be _____.

A) rigid myelination
B) abnormal development of the corpus callosum
C) lesions in the prefrontal cortex
D) incomplete axon cords