Deck 12: Adulthood: Body and Mind

Question 1

Research has found that specific cultures emphasize control of different emotions.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Alexandra and Jasmine are playing house. Alexandra is pretending to be the mother, and Jasmine is pretending to be the big sister. These girls are engaging in parallel play.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Because Brittany will set the dinner table only if she can have a treat after dinner, her willingness to help is extrinsically motivated.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Baumrind identified the four dimensions of parenting as warmth, discipline, communication, and sharing.

Question 5

Boys are more likely to engage in sociodramatic play than girls are.

Question 6

Boys are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than girls are.

Question 7

Rough-and-tumble play helps children to develop self-control.

Question 8

Rough-and-tumble play is another name for pretend play.

Question 9

The five kinds of play identified by Mildred Parten are solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative.

Question 10

Throughout childhood the capacity for self-control becomes more evident.

Question 11

Children who have the ability to control when and how they express emotions have emotional regulation.

Question 12

Rough-and-tumble play is found almost exclusively among children living in the United States.

Question 13

Andrew spends hours practicing tying his shoes. Because he is extrinsically motivated, he often practices alone with the goal of tying them well.

Question 14

Brain maturation allows play to become more social with age.

Question 15

Parents who have low maturity expectations for their children are considered authoritarian.

Question 16

The five kinds of play identified by Mildred Parten (1932) are sequential, meaning that each subsequent one is more interactive than the previous one.

Question 17

Young children typically have low self-esteem because they compare their abilities with peers who are more competent.

Question 18

Preschoolers are likely to overestimate their abilities.

Question 19

A play face helps to facilitate sociodramatic play.

Question 20

Young children play best with parents.

Question 21

For a child's behavior to be called prosocial, it should be a kind, self-benefiting behavior.

Question 22

Neglectful/uninvolved is a parenting style that Baumrind did not identify.

Question 23

Children usually cannot apply gender labels (boy or girl, man or woman) with any consistency until they are 5 or 6 years old.

Question 24

Physical punishment is legal in every country.

Question 25

The form of discipline often used with preschool children in North America is the time-out.

Question 26

Baumrind's parenting styles have been criticized for being too complex.

Question 27

Children who are spanked are more likely to use aggression to retaliate against a peer.

Question 28

Jesse showed his gender schema when he told his parents that he can run fast because he is a boy.

Question 29

Authoritarian parenting tends to produce conscientious, obedient children.

Question 30

Cultures differ in the methods of discipline that are considered acceptable.

Question 31

Parents who are authoritative rank high on warmth, have moderate demands for maturity, and allow discussions regarding discipline.

Question 32

It is the child's intent that defines hurtful behavior as antisocial.

Question 33

Permissive parenting tends to produce children with strong emotional regulation skills and healthy peer relationships.

Question 34

Instrumental aggression is an angry retaliation for someone else's actions.

Question 35

Authoritarian parents welcome their children's opinions and are sensitive to their feelings.

Question 36

Aggression usually become less common from ages 2 to 6, as the brain matures and empathy increases.

Question 37

Psychological control is a punishment in which children's shame, guilt, and gratitude are used to control their behavior.

Question 38

In a group of 4-year-old children, a child who chooses a toy traditionally associated with the other gender will probably be criticized by peers.

Question 39

A child who deliberately causes harm to another person is exhibiting antisocial behavior.

Question 40

According to behaviorists, gender role distinctions are the result of nurture.

Question 41

Kinship care is a form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver.

Question 42

In the United States, 2- to 5-year-olds are more than three times as likely to be seriously hurt in car crashes as 6- to 10-year-olds.

Question 43

Reported maltreatment is harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified.

Question 44

Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as using car seats for children, are considered secondary prevention.

Question 45

Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities is called reported maltreatment.

Question 46

The number of violent crimes committed by teenagers and young adults plummeted about 15 years after the sharp decline in blood lead levels in preschool children.

Question 47

Induction is generally considered to be an effective strategy for helping children internalize standards.

Question 48

Motor-vehicle accidents are the primary cause of death of children and adults until they reach age 40.

Question 49

Harm reduction is the term for reducing the potential negative consequences of behavior.

Question 50

Tertiary prevention is the term for actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.

Question 51

The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to _____.

A) make friends
B) know right from wrong
C) regulate emotions
D) make choices

Question 52

Putting a person in the care of someone other than the parents to prevent further harm is referred to as kinship care.

Question 53

Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age is considered child maltreatment.

Question 54

In 2012, fewer than 3 preschoolers per 100,000 were killed in motor-vehicle accidents.

Question 55

A large, longitudinal study found that the use of spankings is increasing while the use of time-outs is decreasing.

Question 56

Posttraumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that develops as a delayed reaction to having experienced or witnessed a shocking or frightening event.

Question 57

Public health experts prefer the term harm prevention to accident prevention.

Question 58

An angry 5-year-old girl might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed _____.

A) social referencing
B) self-esteem
C) identification
D) emotional regulation

Question 59

Lead poisoning can result in death if a level of 90 micrograms per deciliter of blood is reached.

Question 60

Tertiary prevention involves actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, after an adverse event.

Question 61

One of the benefits of children having imaginary friends is _____.

A) there is less pressure to develop friendships with real peers
B) the child will never feel lonely
C) the imaginary friend helps them meet various intrinsic psychosocial needs
D) parents can use the imaginary friend to convince their child to obey

Question 62

A child having an imaginary friend is an example of _____.

A) self-control
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) protective optimism

Question 63

A child's active play during the childhood years correlates with _____.

A) increased competitiveness
B) increased bullying
C) increased aggression
D) peer acceptance

Question 64

Research has found that children are less happy and less able to learn if _____ play is prevented.

A) imaginary
B) pretend
C) social
D) intelligent

Question 65

Two-year-old Julia repeatedly exclaims, "Me do it!" when her mother tries to help her. Although this behavior is frustrating, her mother understands that doing things independently will develop Julia's sense of _____.

A) initiative
B) trust
C) integrity
D) emotional regulation

Question 66

Young children usually play best with _____.

A) their peers
B) their parents
C) older children
D) their younger siblings

Question 67

"If you draw a pretty picture for me, I will give you a certificate as a reward," the researcher told Amy. After receiving her reward, Amy was given the opportunity to draw some more pictures just for fun. If Amy was like most children, what was she likely to do?

A) draw several more pictures
B) draw one more picture, then stop making pictures once she realized there were no more rewards forthcoming
C) draw a picture for each researcher involved in the study as a thank you for her certificate
D) stop drawing pictures

Question 68

The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination, is referred to as _____.

A) resilience
B) latency
C) effortful control
D) social comparison

Question 69

William sees a construction set at the toy store and asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate?

A) William's dad's inappropriate questioning of William's initiative
B) William's need to prove himself worthy to his father
C) William's positive self-concept
D) William's sense of shame and doubt

Question 70

Emotional regulation is influenced by maturation, learning, and _____.

A) culture
B) motivation
C) imaginary friends
D) permissive parenting

Question 71

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age _____.

A) initiative versus guilt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) the preoperational stage
D) autonomy versus inferiority

Question 72

Which is NOT one of the types of play identified by Mildred Parten?

A) personal play
B) associative play
C) onlooker play
D) parallel play

Question 73

Children who have peers to actively play with tend to _____.

A) fight with them
B) develop physical skills
C) get overwhelmed
D) tattle on their playmates

Question 74

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano, practicing only before company comes. Jaspreet's motivation _____.

A) needs to be reinforced by her parents
B) brings her great pleasure
C) is mostly extrinsic
D) will persist through adulthood

Question 75

Because emotional regulation requires practice, maturation, and work, it is referred to as _____.

A) effortful processing
B) labor intensive
C) effortful control
D) demanding control

Question 76

Billy and Rodney are both building with construction bricks. They are sitting apart, each with his own set of bricks. What type of play is this?

A) cooperative play
B) parallel play
C) onlooker play
D) solitary play

Question 77

Which factor(s) help(s) a young child demonstrate initiative, as Erikson details it in his third stage of psychosocial development?

A) neurological maturity and a longer attention span
B) a child's sense of guilt and shame
C) a decrease in the child's emotional regulation
D) apprenticeship opportunities offered by a child's parents

Question 78

According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal.

A) a sense of self-doubt
B) a weak self-concept
C) strong feelings of guilt
D) an optimistic self-concept

Question 79

The desire to pursue a goal that comes from within a person is called _____.

A) extensive motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) intrinsic motivation
D) intensive drive

Question 80

Charlotte spends hours at a time playing with her doll, Emma. She gives Emma a bath, dresses her, feeds her, and pretends to change her diaper. Charlotte is _____ to play with Emma.

A) extensively motivated
B) extrinsically motivated
C) intrinsically motivated
D) intensively driven