Deck 8: Middle Childhood: the Social World

Question 1

The cells that result from the early duplication and division processes are called stem cells, which are able to produce any other specialized cell.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Every ovum a woman creates contains an X chromosome.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

When the 23 pairs of chromosomes duplicate and form two complete sets of the genome, this process is referred to as duplication.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

At the end of the embryonic period, the embryo has all of the basic organs and body parts (except sex organs) of a human being.

Question 5

If the 23rd pair of chromosomes contains two X chromosomes, that individual is a male.

Question 6

Genes are located on chromosomes.

Question 7

Almost every trait is polygenic, which means it is affected by many genes.

Question 8

Dizygotic twins originate from the same zygote; therefore, they have the same genotype.

Question 9

Almost every cell in the human body has 23 single chromosomes.

Question 10

The mother's ovum determines whether the developing baby will become a boy or a girl.

Question 11

Each variation of a particular gene is called an allele of that gene.

Question 12

If the 23rd pair of chromosomes contains one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, the individual is a male.

Question 13

When a person inherits a recessive gene that is not expressed in the phenotype, that person is a carrier of the gene.

Question 14

The first two weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal period.

Question 15

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code of the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is heterozygous.

Question 16

An individual's collection of genes is called a phenotype.

Question 17

Every person starts life as a single cell called an embryo.

Question 18

All humans have about 100,000 genes.

Question 19

When the effects of genes add up to make the phenotype, they are called dominant-recessive genes.

Question 20

An individual's phenotype depends entirely on an individual's genes.

Question 21

Genes can influence the effects of teratogens.

Question 22

Embryos exposed to large amounts of alcohol may develop fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 23

Behavioral teratogens cause physical defects.

Question 24

The Apgar scale refers to the age at which a fetus might survive if born.

Question 25

The most common extra-chromosome condition is fragile X syndrome.

Question 26

Low birthweight is defined as a newborn that weighs less than 2,500 grams.

Question 27

Doulas have been shown to have little benefit in helping women during the birth process.

Question 28

Home births are more common in European nations than in the United States.

Question 29

A newborn's cry is assessed when assigning an Apgar score.

Question 30

A threshold effect means that some teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level, at which point they become damaging.

Question 31

The Apgar scale measures color, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, and breathing.

Question 32

The term for a temporary lack of oxygen is anorexia.

Question 33

The last months of prenatal development are a critical period for body formation.

Question 34

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is a test often administered to newborns that measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes.

Question 35

Birth takes place around 266 days after conception.

Question 36

Teratogens increase the risk of harm but do not always cause damage.

Question 37

Between 8 and 15 percent of all women experience postpartum depression in the days and weeks after giving birth.

Question 38

Couvade is when the zygote embeds itself into the lining of the uterus.

Question 39

Birth-related complications are more likely when there is a father listed on the birth record.

Question 40

The fetus gains about 2 pounds in the third trimester.

Question 41

Each human body cell contains _____.

A) 46 pairs of chromosomes
B) 46 chromosomes
C) 23 chromosomes
D) 20 pairs of chromosomes

Question 42

Heritability indicates how much of the variation of a trait within a particular population and in a particular context can be traced to genes.

Question 43

The instructions for making amino acids are on about 3 billion pairs of chemicals called _____.

A) couple pairs
B) foundation pairs
C) base pairs
D) copy pairs

Question 44

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) monozygotic
D) dizygotic

Question 45

One of the 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes is called a(n) _____.

A) chromosome
B) allele
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 46

Genes and alleles for alcohol use disorder have been found exclusively on the Y chromosome.

Question 47

Every person begins life as a single cell, which is called a _____.

A) chromosome
B) zygote
C) genotype
D) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 48

Differences among people begin with alleles, which can be caused by transpositions, deletions, or repetitions of base pairs, making some genes _____.

A) polymorphic
B) multimorphic
C) allelemorphic
D) transmorphic

Question 49

A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics is a(n) _____.

A) chromosome
B) zygote
C) genotype
D) allele

Question 50

The nations of sub-Saharan Africa have low rates of low-birthweight babies.

Question 51

Sex (XX or XY) is a factor in explaining why women become drunk on more alcohol than men.

Question 52

Genes, culture, and age all affect vision.

Question 53

Genes affect disorders such as alcohol use disorder and nearsightedness, but research indicates that the environment plays a role as well.

Question 54

The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum, is called a _____.

A) chromosome
B) phenotype
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 55

All living things are composed of cells. The work of cells is done by _____.

A) proteins
B) zygotes
C) genotypes
D) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 56

Each gene directs the formation of specific proteins made from a string of _____ amino acids.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 57

Each molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is stored on a(n) _____.

A) chromosome
B) RNA
C) gene
D) zygote

Question 58

A small section of a chromosome that is the basic unit for the transmission of heredity is a _____.

A) chromosome
B) gene
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 59

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) monozygotic
D) dizygotic

Question 60

A "small for gestational age" baby means the same as an "underweight preterm" newborn.

Question 61

Juan and Joaquin are identical twins. They are the result of _____.

A) one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes
B) two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperms
C) one ovum that was fertilized by two sperms
D) two ova that were fertilized by one sperm

Question 62

Couples can select the sex of a child by all of the following methods EXCEPT _____.

A) inactivating X or Y sperm before conception
B) selecting only X eggs for fertilization
C) aborting XX or XY fetuses
D) undergoing in vitro fertilization and then inserting only male or female embryos

Question 63

The name of the full set of genes that provides the instructions for making an individual member of a certain species is the _____.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) genome
D) allele

Question 64

Each human has about _____ genes.

A) 10,000
B) 20,000
C) 30,000
D) 40,000

Question 65

An individual's phenotype is dependent on _____.

A) an individual's genes
B) the environment
C) an individual's genes and the environment
D) an individual's genes during prenatal development and the environment postnatally

Question 66

In China, a "one-child" policy implemented in about 1979 cut the birth rate in half. Although the intended goal of reducing poverty was achieved, several unintended consequences were identified. All of the following were unintended consequences EXCEPT for _____.

A) far more unmarried young men in China than women
B) millions of newborn girls being placed up for adoption
C) males living longer than females
D) increased abortions of female fetuses

Question 67

Eric learned in his college biology class that, with respect to the sex chromosomes, the _____.

A) Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome and has more genes
B) X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome and has more genes
C) X and Y chromosomes are the same size, but the X chromosome has more genes
D) X and Y chromosomes are the same size and have the same number of genes

Question 68

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, females have _____.

A) two X chromosomes
B) two Y chromosomes
C) an X and a Y chromosome
D) just a Y chromosome

Question 69

Brian and Diana are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. Who is responsible for determining the sex of the baby?

A) Diana
B) Brian
C) both of them
D) neither of them

Question 70

An individual's genetic inheritance is called a(n) _____.

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete

Question 71

Identical twins are also called _____ twins.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) zygotic
D) gamete

Question 72

The _____ is the person's appearance, behavior, and brain and body functions.

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete

Question 73

Males have one X and one Y chromosome on _____.

A) each sperm
B) the 43rd chromosome
C) the 23rd pair of chromosomes
D) each stem cell

Question 74

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, _____ have two X chromosomes.

A) females
B) embryos
C) sperm
D) males

Question 75

Fraternal twins are also called _____ twins.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) zygotic
D) gamete

Question 76

The process of methylation can do all of the following to genetic instructions EXCEPT _____.

A) alter them
B) connect them
C) remove them
D) transcribe them

Question 77

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, males have _____.

A) two X chromosomes
B) two Y chromosomes
C) an X and a Y chromosome
D) just a Y chromosome

Question 78

Isaac and Xavier are playing basketball. Isaac shoots the ball and Xavier blocks the shot. Isaac says, "Wow, I didn't realize how tall you were until you did that!" Xavier's comment refers to Isaac's _____.

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete

Question 79

The worldwide effort to map the complete human genetic code was called the _____.

A) Hap Map
B) Apgar scale
C) Human Genome Project
D) Brazelton Assessment

Question 80

Blaire rushed into the house after school and announced to her parents, "My personality is _____! So many genes make me who I am!"

A) polygenic
B) nonadditive
C) multifactorial
D) monozygotic