Deck 13: Risk Analysis and Project Evaluation

Question 1

Jeffrey believes that if he can make a good case for opening a new store in the chain for which he works,he will be promoted to manager.Can we be confident that Jeffrey's sales forecasts are accurate?

Answer 1

Jeffrey has a vested interest in making aggressive forecasts.In large corporations,those who propose capital projects almost always have something to gain if they are accepted and something to lose if they are rejected.On the other hand,some executives would rather avoid the risk of new adventures.They fear the consequences of failure more than they crave the rewards of success,so their forecasts might be unduly pessimistic.Risk analysis examines the consequences of both optimistic and pessimistic outcomes,hopefully reducing the influence of subjective factors.

Question 2

Approximately what percentage of new businesses fail in their first year?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following abilities are crucial for risk analysis?

A)A knowledge of marketing
B)A knowledge of cost accounting
C)A knowledge of economics
D)All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following are reasons to analyse the risk of capital projects?

A)The people who propose projects have a vested interest in getting them accepted.
B)Cash flows can rarely be estimated with certainty.
C)Many of the variables in capital budgeting analysis are highly sensitive to changes in economic conditions.
D)All of the above.

Question 5

What is the approximate five-year survival rate for new businesses?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 6

What are the consequences of excessive optimism or pessimism in forecasting expected project cash flows?

Question 7

In reality,anticipated cash flows are only estimates and are thus uncertain.

Question 8

Random,unforeseeable events can have a significant impact on future cash flows.

Question 9

A would be entrepreneur is considering buying a franchise from a national chain of fitness centers.Identify some of the risks she might face.

Question 10

The consequences of excessive pessimism can be as harmful as the consequences of excessive optimism.

Question 11

Most of the variables used in forecasting cash flows are known with certainty.

Question 12

Sensitivity analysis is the form of risk analysis

A)that examines the relationship between total firm cash flows and the NPV of a particular project.
B)that examines the volatility of NPV.
C)that examines the impact of key variables such as sales or costs in various combinations.
D)that examines the impact of key variables such as sales or costs one at a time.

Question 13

Why is it important to perform risk analysis before accepting or rejecting major projects?

Question 14

Which of the following is a reason why risk analysis is an important part of capital budgeting?

A)The people who propose projects have no vested interest in whether or not they are accepted.
B)Marketing managers are rarely excessively optimistic.
C)Project cash flows can be highly uncertain.
D)Financial analysts are rarely excessively pessimistic.

Question 15

Approximately what percentage of new businesses survives their first year?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 16

What is the approximate failure rate for new businesses after five years?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 17

The form of risk analysis intended to identify the most important forces for the success or failure of a project is known as

A)scenario analysis.
B)sensitivity analysis.
C)value driver analysis.
D)expected value analysis.

Question 18

Which of the following are usually known with a high level of confidence at the beginning of a project?

A)The number of units that will be sold
B)The price per unit that will result in the desired number of units sold
C)Tax rates and depreciation rates
D)None of the above

Question 19

The simulation approach provides us with

A)a single value for the risk-adjusted net present value.
B)an approximation of the systematic risk level.
C)a probability distribution of the project's net present value
D)a graphic exposition of the year-by-year sequence of possible outcomes.

Question 20

________ is a method of quantifying uncertainty without having to estimate probabilities.

A)Standard deviation
B)Sensitivity analysis
C)Coefficient of variation
D)Decision tree analysis

Question 21

Lemminburg Plastics estimates a 60% probability that sales of pink flamingo lawn ornaments in the summer of 2011 will be 45,000 units,about the same as in 2010.They believe there is a 20% probability that they will go viral and potential sales would be 90,000.There is also a 20% probability that restrictive zoning ordinances will limit sales to 30,000 units.Expected unit sales of the pink flamingos are

A)55,000.
B)51,000.
C)67,500.
D)60,000.

Question 22

The form of risk analysis that examines the effect of various combinations of value drivers is known as

A)scenario analysis.
B)sensitivity analysis.
C)value driver analysis.
D)expected value analysis.

Question 23

Which of the following results in a probability distribution for possible project outcomes rather than a dollar estimate?

A)Sensitivity analysis
B)Simulation analysis
C)Value driver analysis
D)Scenario analysis

Question 24

Economists at PHE Llc estimate a 20% probability of a recession next year,a 50% probability of an average economy,and a 30% probability of a rapid expansion.If there is a recession,the NPV of project O will be $20 million;if the economy is average,it will be $45 million and in case of a rapid expansion,it will be $75 million.What is the expected NPV of the project?

A)$57.5 million
B)$49 million
C)$46.67 million
D)$45 million

Question 25

When Charles River Publisher's sales revenue increased from $25 million to $27.5 million,net operating income increased from $3,750,000 to $3,937,500.What is Quineboag's degree of operating leverage (DOL)?

A).5
B)2
C)6.67
D).05

Question 26

Enchanted Hearth expects to sell 1,200 wood pellet stoves in 2011 at an average price of $2,400 each.It believes that unit sales will grow between -5% and +5% per year and prices will rise or fall by as much as 5% per year.Forecast sales revenue for 2013 if the number of units sold increases by 5% per year and prices remain flat.

A)$2,880,000
B)$3,168,000
C)$3,333,960
D)$3,175,200

Question 27

When Quineboag Textile's sales revenue increased from $5.0 million to $5.25 million,net operation income increased from $500,000 to $575,000.What is Quineboag's degree of operating leverage (DOL)?

A).015
B).33
C)3.00
D)10

Question 28

Use the following information to answer the following question(s).
Orange Electronics projects sales of its new O-Phones for next year at 10,000 units priced at $150 each.The variable costs of an O-Phone are expected to be $75.Fixed cash costs are expected to be $150,000 and depreciation $100,000.The tax rate is 40%.Orange believes that any of its forecasts including fixed costs,but not depreciation or the tax rate which are known for certain,could be high or low by as much as 10%.
What is the expected net operating profit after tax (NOPAT)for the worst case scenario?

A)$300,000
B)$223,500
C)$174,000
D)$124,500

Question 29

Boulangerie Bouffard expects to sell 1.25 million croissants next year for $1.50 each.Variable cost of a croissant is $0.80.Fixed costs are $150,000,depreciation $200,000 and the tax rate is 34%.If the bakery can increase the price of a croissant to $1.75 sales will fall by 50,000 croissants.All other things equal,operating cash flow will increase or decrease

A)$300,000 increase.
B)$148,500 increase.
C)$148,500 decrease.
D)$174,900 increase.

Question 30

Boulangerie Bouffard expects to sell 1 million croissants next year for $1.25 each.Variable cost of a croissant is $0.75.Fixed costs are $150,000,depreciation $200,000 and the tax rate is 25%.If the bakery can increase the price of a croissant to $1.50 and all other variables remain the same,free cash flow will increase by

A)$37,500.
B)$150,000.
C)$187,500.
D)$250,000.

Question 31

________ is a risk analysis technique in which the best- and worst-case net present values are compared with the project's expected net present value.

A)Project standing alone risk
B)Decision tree analysis
C)Scenario analysis
D)Real Options

Question 32

There is a 30% probability that an office building will be sold after 5 years for $30 million,a 50% probability that it will be sold for $20 million and a 20% probability that it will be sold for $10 million.What is the expected value of the office building in 5 years?

A)$20 million
B)$21 million
C)$30 million
D)$10 million

Question 33

Use the following information to answer the following question(s).
Orange Electronics projects sales of its new O-Phones for next year at 10,000 units priced at $150 each.The variable costs of an O-Phone are expected to be $75.Fixed cash costs are expected to be $150,000 and depreciation $100,000.The tax rate is 40%.Orange believes that any of its forecasts including fixed costs,but not depreciation or the tax rate which are known for certain,could be high or low by as much as 10%.
What is the expected net operating profit after tax (NOPAT)if the most likely estimates are used?

A)$493,500
B)$330,000
C)$300,000
D)$124,500

Question 34

Rheem Manufacturing Co.anticipates that cash flows from home heating fuel sales next year will be $800,000 if the winter is mild,$1,000,000 if winter is average,and $1,500,000 if winter is exceptionally cold.The probability of an average winter is 60%,while the probability of either a mild or an exceptionally cold winter is 20%.What is Rheem's expected cash flow from fuel sales next winter?

A)$1,060,000
B)$1,100,000
C)$1,000,000
D)$1,150,000

Question 35

Which of the following is considered the major risk when analysing projects in a multinational environment?

A)Currency fluctuations
B)Inflation
C)Political risk
D)Lack of available betas

Question 36

An appropriate tool to analyse the interaction of various value drivers for Orange Electronics would be

A)simulation analysis.
B)sensitivity analysis.
C)scenario analysis.
D)either A or C

Question 37

Enchanted Hearth expects to sell 1,200 wood pellet stoves in 2011 at an average price of $2,400 each.It believes that unit sales will grow between -5% and +5% per year and prices will rise or fall by as much as 5% per year.Forecast sales revenue for 2013 if both price and the number of units sold increase by 5% per year.

A)$3,492,720
B)$3,500,658
C)$3,333,960
D)$3,175,200

Question 38

Use the following information to answer the following question(s).
Destroya Extermination Services projects next year's sales of its new X-Ray termite inspection service at 5,000 inspections priced at $175 each.The variable costs per inspection are expected to be $87.50.Fixed cash costs are expected to be $90,000 and depreciation $110,000.The company's marginal tax rate is 34%.Destroya believes that any of its forecasts including fixed costs,but not depreciation or the tax rate which are known for certain,could be high or low by as much as 10%.
What is the expected free cash flow if the most likely estimates are used?

A)$156,750
B)$266,750
C)$237,500
D)$383,240

Question 39

Use the following information to answer the following question(s).
Orange Electronics projects sales of its new O-Phones for next year at 10,000 units priced at $150 each.The variable costs of an O-Phone are expected to be $75.Fixed cash costs are expected to be $150,000 and depreciation $100,000.The tax rate is 40%.Orange believes that any of its forecasts including fixed costs,but not depreciation or the tax rate which are known for certain,could be high or low by as much as 10%.
What is the expected net operating profit after tax (NOPAT)for the best case scenario?

A)$493,500
B)$330,000
C)$394,500
D)$124,500

Question 40

Scenario analysis is the form of risk analysis

A)that examines the relationship between total firm cash flows and the NPV of a particular project.
B)that examines the volatility of NPV.
C)that examines the impact of key variables such as sales or costs in various combinations.
D)that examines the impact of key variables such as sales or costs one at a time.

Question 41

Briefly distinguish between sensitivity analysis,scenario analysis,and simulation analysis.

Question 42

An appropriate tool to analyse the interaction of various value drivers for Destroya Extermination Services would be

A)simulation analysis.
B)scenario analysis.
C)sensitivity analysis.
D)either A or B

Question 43

Use the following information to answer the following question(s).
Destroya Extermination Services projects next year's sales of its new X-Ray termite inspection service at 5,000 inspections priced at $175 each.The variable costs per inspection are expected to be $87.50.Fixed cash costs are expected to be $90,000 and depreciation $110,000.The company's marginal tax rate is 34%.Destroya believes that any of its forecasts including fixed costs,but not depreciation or the tax rate which are known for certain,could be high or low by as much as 10%.
What is the expected free cash flow for the best case scenario?

A)$414,400
B)$330,000
C)$394,500
D)$383,240

Question 44

Using simulation analysis provides the financial manager with a point estimate of an investment's net present value or internal rate of return.

Question 45

List at least four typical value drivers that could seriously impact the outcome of a project.

Question 46

The expected NPV of a project is simply the NPV calculated using the most likely estimates for costs and revenues.

Question 47

In capital budgeting decisions,simulation analysis gives a probability distribution only for cash flows.

Question 48

Sensitivity analysis shows how the distribution of possible net present values is affected by a change in one input variable.

Question 49

Use the following information to answer the following question(s).
Destroya Extermination Services projects next year's sales of its new X-Ray termite inspection service at 5,000 inspections priced at $175 each.The variable costs per inspection are expected to be $87.50.Fixed cash costs are expected to be $90,000 and depreciation $110,000.The company's marginal tax rate is 34%.Destroya believes that any of its forecasts including fixed costs,but not depreciation or the tax rate which are known for certain,could be high or low by as much as 10%.
What is the expected free cash flow for the worst case scenario?

A)$153,973
B)$43,972
C)$84,910
D)$383,240

Question 50

Webster Footwear believes that a new line of foul weather footwear they are planning to introduce this year will result in an NPV of $500,000 if the winter weather is exceptionally cold and wet,$400,000 if weather is normal,and $200,000 if winter is relatively warm and dry.The probability of a hard winter is 30%,an average winter is 50%,and a mild winter 20%.Compute the project's expected NPV.

Question 51

When using simulation to analyse a large capital project,the decision rule is

A)there is no clear-cut decision rule,but the probabilities will produce a more informed decision.
B)accept the project if the probability of a positive NPV is greater than 50%.
C)reject the project if the probability of a negative NPV is greater than 5%.
D)reject the project if the probability of a negative NPV is greater than 16%

Question 52

Natick Nurseries has used scenario analysis to evaluate the purchase of a former dairy to use for nursery stock.The best case scenario produced a very favorable NPV of $4,000,000;the NPV of the most likely case was $2,000,000,but the worst case scenario resulted in an NPV of $(3,000,000)which would bring the company close to bankruptcy.Natick could improve its decision by

A)using sensitivity analysis.
B)using simulation analysis.
C)simply accepting the best case scenario and rejecting the other outcomes.
D)weighting the favorable scenarios more heavily to increase the expected NPV.

Question 53

One advantage of simulation is that it can differentiate between unsystematic and systematic risk.

Question 54

Boulangerie Bouffard expects to sell 1 million croissants next year for $1.25 each.Variable cost of a croissant is $0.75.Fixed costs are $150,000,depreciation $200,000 and the tax rate is 25%.If the number of croissants sold increases by 10%,and all other variables remain the same,how much will free cash flow increase?

Question 55

Cranston Plastic Packaging Solutions has run a simulation on a large project to produce eco-friendly packaging for personal hygiene products.The mean NPV is an impressive $8,000,000,but there is a 16% probability of a negative NPV and a 5% probability of an NPV worse than ($6,000,000).

A)Cranston should reject the project.It is too risky.
B)Cranston should accept the project.The odds are in their favor.
C)Cranston should explore options to reduce the likelihood of very unfavorable outcomes.
D)Cranston should change the probabilities used in the simulation to reduce the likelihood of a negative NPV.

Question 56

Angie's Sub Shop expects to sell 200,000 subs next year at an average price of $5.00.Variable cost of a sub is $3.00.Cash fixed costs are $85,000,depreciation $95,000 and the tax rate is 25%.If the price increases to $5.50 and all other variables remain the same,how much will free cash flow increase?

Question 57

The end result of a simulation analysis is

A)a probability distribution of project cash flows.
B)a clear decision on whether or not a project should be accepted.
C)a probability distribution of possible NPV's.
D)a list of value drivers and their probabilities.

Question 58

Which of the following costs is NOT included in an accounting break-even analysis?

A)Shareholders expected rate of return
B)Variable production costs
C)Contribution margin
D)Depreciation expense

Question 59

The Oviedo Thespians are planning to present performances of their Florida Revue on 2 consecutive nights in January.It will cost them $5,000 per night for theater rental,event insurance and professional musicians.The theater will also take 10% of gross ticket sales.How many tickets must they sell at $10.00 per ticket to break even?

A)1000 tickets
B)1,112 tickets
C)1,223 tickets
D)There is not enough information.

Question 60

A company that was most concerned about the impact of price changes in raw materials would use sensitivity analysis.

Question 61

If Untel Inc.decides to manufacture a new generation of computer chips with a brief 2-year product life cycle,it expects to sell 1 million units each year.Variable cost per unit will be $75,fixed costs $5 million,and depreciation $3 million.The initial investment will be $22.91 million.Untel uses a discount rate of 10%;its marginal tax rate is 40%.To reach break-even NPV,UNTEL must sell the chips for at least ________ each.

A)$87
B)$105
C)$100
D)$1,000

Question 62

Variable cost for Light.com's fluorescent tubes is $12.50,and the tubes are sold over the internet to businesses and organizations for $20.00 each.Fixed costs are $7,500,000.What is the break-even quantity for the fluorescent tubes?

A)600,000
B)1,000,000
C)375,000
D)7,500,000

Question 63

In the 4th year of project M,expected revenues will be $4,750,000,variable costs will be $4,000,000,depreciation expense $180,000,and fixed cash costs $570,000.Which of the following is true?

A)Accounting income equals $0.00
B)Free cash flow equals $180,000
C)Free cash flow equals 0
D)Both A and B are true.

Question 64

The Oviedo Drama Group is planning to present performances of their Adelaide Revue on 2 consecutive nights in January.It will cost them $5,000 per night for theater rental,event insurance and professional musicians.The theater will also take 10% of gross ticket sales.How many tickets must they sell at $10.00 per ticket to raise $1,000 for their organisation?

A)1000 tickets
B)1,112 tickets
C)1,223 tickets
D)There is not enough information.

Question 65

Jake's Tree farm is evaluating a proposal to plant 5,000 ornamental trees at an initial cost of $10,000.The trees will be sold in 5 years.What is the minimum after tax cash flow from selling the trees that will allow the tree planting project to reach break even NPV? Use a discount rate of 12%.

A)$12,000.00
B)$5,674.26
C)$17,623.42
D)$17,958.56

Question 66

Betty Gilmore plans to sell berry pies at a local farmer's market.The permit and space rental will cost her $2,000 for the June through August season.The pies will sell for $7.00.Ingredients and overhead average $4.00 per pie.She also has to pay five percent of her gross sales to the market's organizers.How many pies will she need to sell to cover her fixed costs and realize a $3,000 profit?

A)752
B)1,667 pies
C)1,887 pies
D)1,250 pies

Question 67

Project Zeta is expected to produce after-tax cash flows of $30 million in year 1,$40 million in year 2,and $50 million in year 3.If the company uses a 12% required rate of return,what is the most it can invest in this project and break even with respect to NPV?

A)$69.03 million
B)$94.26 million
C)$1,11 million
D)$120 million

Question 68

Accounting break-even analysis solves for the level of sales that will result in

A)IRR = Cost of Capital.
B)net income = $0.00.
C)Free cash flow = $0.00.
D)NPV = $0.00.

Question 69

Variable cost for Light.com's fluorescent tubes is $12.50,and the tubes are sold over the internet to businesses and organizations for $20.00 each.Fixed costs are $7,500,000.$500,000 in depreciation expense is included in fixed costs.What is the cash break-even quantity for the fluorescent tubes?

A)933,333
B)1,000,000
C)375,000
D)1,066,667

Question 70

Miniature Molding is planning to introduce a valve for use in medical implants.Variable costs per unit are $250.The maximum price MM could charge is $325.Fixed costs associated with this product are $20,000,000.Depreciation expense of $2,500,000 are included in fixed costs.The worst case forecast calls for sales of 240,000 valves,the best case for $290,400.Will MM reach cash break-even in the worst case scenario?

A)Sales will fall short of cash break even by $8,666,667.
B)The product will exactly break even.
C)Sales will fall short of cash break even by $2,000,025.
D)Sales will exceed cash break even by $2,166,667.

Question 71

Garcia Developers will erect a small office building at a cost of $4,500,000.They have a client who will lease the space for 5 years at a price that will produce free cash flows of $150,000 per year.For approximately how much would they need to sell the building for at the end of the 5th year to reach break-even NPV? Garcia uses a discount rate of 10% for projects of this type.

A)$3,750,000
B)$5,755,936
C)$6,331,530
D)$6,964,683

Question 72

Miller River Light is evaluating a project that will require an initial investment of $350,000.Miller River uses a 12% discount rate for capital projects of this type.What level of operating cash flows over a period of 5 years will cause the project to reach break-even NPV? Assume cash flows come in the form of an end-of-the-year annuity.

A)$70,000.00
B)$97,093.41
C)$92,329.12
D)$86,690.54

Question 73

Miniature Molding is planning to introduce a valve for use in medical implants.Variable costs per unit are $250.The maximum price MM could charge is $325.Fixed costs associated with this product are $20,000,000.The worst case forecast calls for sales of 240,000 valves,the best case for 290,400.Will MM reach accounting break-even in the worst case scenario?

A)Sales will fall short of break even by $8,666,667.
B)The product will exactly break even.
C)Sales will fall short of break even by $5,000,025.
D)Sales will exceed break even $58,000,000.

Question 74

Net present value break-even is reached

A)after the time period when NPV finally turns from negative to positive.
B)at the discount rate that produces an NPV of $0.00.
C)at the level of sales over the life of the project that results in free cash flow of $0.000 for a given period.
D)at the level of sales over the life of the project that results in an NPV of $0.00.

Question 75

Excom Fiberoptics is bidding on contracts to sell micro test tubes for biotechnology research in sets of 1,000 tubes.Fixed costs including depreciation associated with the project are $2,000,000,variable cost per set is $16.Excom expects to sell 250,000 sets.What is the minimum price it can charge and reach the accounting break-even point?

A)$8
B)$12
C)$24
D)$20

Question 76

Accounting break-even analysis uses

A)free cash flows over the entire life of a project.
B)sales,variable costs and fixed costs over the entire life of a project.
C)sales,variable costs and fixed costs for a single period.
D)free cash flows for a single period.

Question 77

Betty Gilmore plans to sell berry pies at a local farmer's market.The permit and space rental will cost her $2,000 for the June through August season.The pies will sell for $7.00.Ingredients and overhead average $4.00 per pie.She also has to pay five percent of her gross sales to the market's organizers.How many pies will she need to sell to cover her fixed costs?

A)755 pies with a very small profit on the last pie.
B)667 pies with a very small profit on the last pie.
C)301 pies
D)She can never break even.

Question 78

DNATECH has developed a hair growth treatment at a cost of $10 million.They can license the technology to another company for a period of 10 years.What is the minimum annual free cash flow they could accept in order to reach break-even NPV on this product? Use a discount rate of 8%.

A)$1,490,295
B)$1,639,324
C)$1,108,000
D)$1,000,000

Question 79

Brookfield Heavy Equipment is considering a project that will produce after tax cash of $40,000 per year for 5 years.The project will require an initial investment of $144,191.At what discount rate will the project reach break-even NPV?

A)8%
B)10%
C)12%
D)11.11%

Question 80

February sales for Ted's Variety Store equal $100,000,variable costs equal $60,000,fixed costs,including depreciation of $20,000,total $60,000.

A)Ted's Variety Store broke even with respect to net income.
B)Ted's Variety Store broke even with respect to cash.
C)Ted's Variety fell $20,000 short of cash break-even.
D)Ted's Variety Store broke even with a $20,000 surplus.