Deck 7: Trust, Justice, and Ethics

Question 1

Kohlberg's theory of cognitive moral development proposes that as people age and mature, they move through the preconventional, postconventional, and principled stages of moral development.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: The theory of cognitive moral development argues that as people age and mature, they move through three stages of moral development-preconventional, conventional, and postconventional-each more mature and sophisticated than the prior one.

Question 2

Anya, a manager at Marquette Industries, is always very careful to award bonuses and other rewards to her subordinates based on each individual's performance and contribution. Anya is concerned with interpersonal justice.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: This situation describes a concern for distributive justice.

Question 3

Cognition-based trust is driven by the trustor's faith in human nature.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: Disposition-based trust is driven by the trustor's faith in human nature, while cognition-based trust is driven by the authority's "track record."

Question 4

Darien has just started a new job. His coworkers tell him that their manager is very unselfish and always keeps her promises. In addition, she is the leading expert in the company on product development. As a result of this information, Darien is likely to develop cognition-based trust in his manager.

Question 5

Ability is defined as the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives.

Question 6

Affect-based trust is seen in a select few relationships.

Question 7

Procedural justice tends to be a stronger driver of reactions to authorities than distributive justice.

Question 8

Trust is defined as the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustee's actions and intentions.

Question 9

The legal component of corporate social responsibility argues that the law represents society's codification of right and wrong and must, therefore, be followed.

Question 10

Justice reflects the actual fairness of an authority's decision making.

Question 11

Interpersonal justice is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules: the justification rule and the truth rule.

Question 12

The importance of trust propensity is most obvious in interactions with strangers, in which any acceptance of vulnerability would amount to "blind trust."

Question 13

All people move through the preconventional and conventional stages and finally operate from the postconventional stage of moral development.

Question 14

Jasmine met Lee at her apartment pool and agreed to go out on a date with him that evening. She has often gone out with people she just met. Her agreement to go out with him when she just met him demonstrates affect-based trust.

Question 15

Employees gauge procedural justice by asking whether decision outcomes, such as pay, rewards, evaluations, promotions, and work assignments, are allocated using proper norms.

Question 16

Descriptive ethics evolved with scholars in philosophy debating how people ought to act using various codes and principles.

Question 17

Efforts to improve the quality of life in the communities in which organizations work is typically an effort that comes under the citizenship component of corporate social responsibility.

Question 18

Low levels of informational justice can make an organization vulnerable to wrongful termination claims.

Question 19

Economic exchanges are impersonal and resemble contractual agreements, such that employees agree to fulfill the duties in their job description in exchange for financial compensation.

Question 20

In the context of trust and job performance, the ability to focus reflects the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work, as opposed to engaging in workplace politics or saving themselves from problems like abusive supervision.

Question 21

________ reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms.

A) Ethics
B) Justice
C) Competence
D) Trust
E) Morality

Question 22

Kamal is looking for a part-time job. He has several acquaintances who have worked for SlamDogs Burgers and Dogs, a restaurant chain. They say that the company pays well, has a good company culture, and treats its employees with respect. Plus, its high quality and affordable food and the cleanliness of its establishments make it extremely popular with the public-in fact, Kamal loves going to SlamDogs and has eaten there on a regular basis since he was a child. Kamal thinks SlamDogs sounds like a good place to work and decides to fill out an application. What can you deduce based on his decision?

A) Kamal has a high trust propensity because he trusts the word of his friends.
B) His trust in the company reflects the fact that he is naïve and has a natural "faith in human nature."
C) His decision is rational and is based on subjective as well as objective information about the company.
D) His information is subjective; he really has no way of knowing if SlamDogs would be a good place to work.
E) His decision is mainly emotional and is based on his affection for the company and his personal experience there.

Question 23

________ is the willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions.

A) Trust
B) Credence
C) Consensus
D) Ethics
E) Proximity

Question 24

Kathryn was bullied as a child and later married a man who lied and stole money from her. Kathryn is not likely to demonstrate ________ trust.

A) disposition-based
B) cognitive-based
C) affect-based
D) organizationally based
E) justice-based

Question 25

When trust is rooted in a rational assessment of the authority's trustworthiness, it is called ________ trust.

A) disposition-based
B) affect-based
C) cognition-based
D) power-based
E) feeling-based

Question 26

________ is a dimension of trustworthiness, defined as the skills, competencies, and areas of expertise, that enable an authority to be successful in some specific context.

A) Character
B) Benevolence
C) Personality
D) Ability
E) Affect

Question 27

When employees perceive high levels of ________, they believe that decision outcomes are fair and that decision-making processes are designed and implemented in a fair manner.

A) risk
B) profit-centered motives
C) social responsibility
D) justice
E) economic exchange

Question 28

Mariel is in the market to buy a used car. Her friend Mika tells her that she should avoid City Motors. Mika's boyfriend bought his car there, and it breaks down constantly. Mariel talks to several other friends who agree with Mika. Their judgment reflects the fact that City Motors has

A) poor ethics.
B) bad marketing.
C) a poor reputation.
D) high trustworthiness.
E) good after-sales service.

Question 29

Trust in authorities like the management in a firm depends on which two factors?

A) justice and perception of power
B) competence and legitimacy
C) ethics and responsibility
D) commitment and ethics
E) justice and ethics

Question 30

Raheem recently hired a new assistant, Cathy. At his office, he often receives confidential letters and documents regarding work, as well as some personal mail, including financial statements. As Raheem often spends much of his day in meetings, he has asked Cathy to collect his mail and leave it on his desk to sort through later. When Cathy gives him the mail, Raheem trusts that she has not stolen or opened any of it. Raheem has a high degree of

A) cognition-based trust.
B) power-based trust.
C) moral awareness.
D) trust propensity.
E) gullibility.

Question 31

Laraine, who studied marketing and public relations in college, reviewed numerous articles, studied the new phone thoroughly, and came up with a campaign that received good reviews from her team leaders. Her success in creating a good campaign for the new phone completely on her own reflects her

A) social consensus.
B) ability.
C) proximity.
D) trust propensity.
E) morality.

Question 32

In some ways, Colin is not a very good manager. He can be disorganized and flaky, and he often foists his own job responsibilities off onto others. However, his staff love him because he has a lot of personal charm and lets them do things like bring their pets to work. Colin's staff displays ________-based trust in him.

A) affect
B) integrity
C) disposition
D) cognition
E) reputation

Question 33

________ refers to a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon.

A) Trust propensity
B) Moral judgment
C) Moral awareness
D) Moral intensity
E) Propriety

Question 34

The characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust are defined as one's

A) moral intensity.
B) trust propensity.
C) propriety.
D) trustworthiness.
E) ability.

Question 35

Which of the following is True with regard to trust propensity?

A) The importance of trust propensity is seen in interactions with family and friends.
B) Trust propensity is most likely to be seen in people who display cognition-based trust.
C) Trust propensity is a product of both nature and nurture.
D) Trust propensity refers to the use of track records and rational assessments in making decisions.
E) Low trust propensity is ideal as it prevents us from trusting others who are not trustworthy.

Question 36

Justice reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's

A) corporate social responsibility.
B) ethical orientation.
C) decision making.
D) benign power.
E) morality.

Question 37

Just a week into their new jobs in the marketing and advertising division of a cell phone company, Alexa, Nigel, and Laraine were given the task of creating an advertising campaign for the company's new phone. Alexa and Nigel are having a lot of trouble coming up with anything creative, so when Laraine volunteers to take over, they readily agree. Although they know little about Laraine's skills in this area, they believe she will do a good job. Which of the following is True with regard to Alexa and Nigel?

A) They use a rational assessment to arrive at the conclusion that Laraine will do a good job.
B) They exhibit a high degree of trustworthiness in executing the job they were given.
C) Nigel presently shares a mentor-protégé relationship with Laraine.
D) They have a high degree of disposition-based trust.
E) They have a high level of cognition-based trust.

Question 38

Which of the following drives cognition-based trust?

A) the trustor's disposition
B) the authority's track record
C) the trustor's trust propensity
D) the trustor's intuitive feelings
E) the trustor's affect-based trust

Question 39

It is argued that ________ represents a sort of "faith in human nature."

A) cognition-based trust
B) trust propensity
C) competence
D) ability
E) rational assessment

Question 40

Jay, Kuo, and Elaine's company has an opening for a manager, and all three of them apply. However, Elaine, who has been with the company the longest and has a business degree, gets the job. Although Jay and Kuo are disappointed, they most likely agree that the company's decision reflects a high level of

A) trustworthiness.
B) favoritism.
C) authority.
D) justice.
E) bias.

Question 41

In the case of ________-based trust, our trust arises mostly from the emotional feelings we have for the authority.

A) cognition
B) authority
C) affect
D) rational
E) disposition

Question 42

In the case of ________-based trust, we rationally evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of an authority along the dimensions of ability, integrity, and benevolence.

A) cognition
B) mentor
C) affect
D) emotion
E) disposition

Question 43

When organizations protect new employees from committee assignments and other extra activities so that they can get their careers off to a productive start, they are using the ________ norm type of allocation norms.

A) propensity
B) need
C) reciprocity
D) equity
E) equality

Question 44

________ justice is when decision-making outcomes are perceived as fair.

A) Procedural
B) Interpersonal
C) Informational
D) Distributive
E) Restorative

Question 45

Which of the following is True with regard to affect-based trust?

A) Affect-based trust depends completely on the trustor's propensity to trust.
B) Affect-based trust is more rational than emotional.
C) Affect-based trust relies on our feelings.
D) Affect-based trust is rooted in reason and analysis.
E) Affect-based trust is the most commonly seen type of trust.

Question 46

When employees evaluate outcomes such as pay, rewards, and promotions to determine whether they are allocated using proper norms, they are applying the ________ type of justice.

A) informational
B) procedural
C) distributive
D) interpersonal
E) retributive

Question 47

Procedural justice is defined as a dimension of justice that reflects the perceived ________ of decision-making processes.

A) fairness
B) timeliness
C) organization
D) ethics
E) equity

Question 48

Bao is the art director at Blue Cat Publishing, a publisher of art monographs, coffee-table books, and several niche lifestyle magazines. He has an art degree, and he won many awards for his design work before he took over the branding and marketing at Blue Cat. Even though Bao's employees do not always understand his thinking and find Bao to be introverted and difficult to talk to, they all have huge respect for his talent and vision for the company. In fact, the company has received many accolades for its overall branding since Bao took over the department. Which of the following is most likely True about Bao's employees at Blue Cat?

A) Their trust in Bao is due to their propensity to have faith in people.
B) They believe that Bao cares about them personally, and this makes them loyal to him.
C) Their trust in Bao stems from their belief in his personal integrity, character, and principles.
D) Their trust in Bao is based more on emotion than on reason; basically, his employees like him.
E) Their trust in Bao is based on his proven track record and his demonstrated expertise in his field.

Question 49

Which of the following is the norm that is typically judged to be the most appropriate choice in situations in which the goal is to maximize harmony and solidarity in work groups?

A) unification
B) equity
C) equality
D) reciprocity
E) standards

Question 50

Affect-based trust is driven by the

A) authority's track record.
B) authority's strengths and weakness.
C) trustor's disposition.
D) trustor's feelings for the trustee.
E) trustor's rational assessment of the trustee.

Question 51

Benevolence is defined as the perception that the authority

A) wants to aid the trustor.
B) has a high degree of competence.
C) is the most qualified person for the job.
D) has acceptable values and principles.
E) believes in personal responsibility.

Question 52

The ________ norm is typically judged to be the fairest choice in situations in which the goal is to maximize the productivity of individual employees.

A) equity
B) equality
C) need
D) standard
E) prescriptive

Question 53

Sunshine Foods, Inc., has a human resources policy that does not allow its newly hired employees to work on committee projects or get involved in union meetings. This is done to ensure that the new employees can concentrate on their work without getting distracted. Which of the following allocation norms has Sunshine Foods adopted?

A) standard norm
B) equity norm
C) reciprocity norm
D) need norm
E) equality norm

Question 54

Which of the following dimensions of trustworthiness is defined as the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives?

A) good will
B) competence
C) benevolence
D) trust propensity
E) actualization

Question 55

Kelvin has worked for his company for two years and had to take on additional responsibilities when his colleague Charles retired. However, his managers have not given him a pay raise that he feels rightly compensates him for his increased workload. Kelvin finally decides to quit and begins looking for another job. His resentment related to his pay reflects the lack of ________ justice in the company that he works for.

A) informational
B) distributive
C) retributive
D) procedural
E) interpersonal

Question 56

In the case of ________-based trust, we rationally evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of an authority along the dimensions of ability, integrity, and benevolence.

A) cognition
B) mentor
C) affect
D) emotion
E) disposition

Question 57

When authorities are perceived as benevolent, it means that they

A) care for employees, are concerned about their well-being, and feel a sense of loyalty to them.
B) display hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact.
C) reward employees for exposing illegal or immoral actions by their organization.
D) lack a general expectation that the words and promises of employees can be relied upon.
E) hinder employees' ability to focus, which reflects the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work.

Question 58

Which of the following is an allocation norm under which all group members receive exactly the same outcome on a project regardless of their individual productivity levels?

A) propensity norm
B) need norm
C) equity norm
D) reciprocity norm
E) equality norm

Question 59

Manuela and Noor were incensed when their company decided to get rid of its onsite childcare center and expand its gym and sports facilities instead. They find it outrageous that the company did not factor its employees' wants and needs into its decision, especially given the fact that 47 percent of its employees have children still living at home. Manuela and Noor feel that ________ justice was not served.

A) distributive
B) procedural
C) interpersonal
D) informational
E) adaptive

Question 60

The managers at Telstar, a public relations firm, have noticed that the employees are not team players and are primarily focused on achieving individual goals. Management wants to change this attitude and works to create a reward system in which all group members would receive exactly the same outcome, regardless of their individual productivity levels, to promote their ability to work effectively in groups. Which of the following allocation norms would you recommend for this purpose?

A) standard norm
B) consensus norm
C) equity norm
D) equality norm
E) propensity norm

Question 61

Which of the following is an informational justice rule?

A) truthfulness
B) consistency
C) equity
D) bias suppression
E) propriety

Question 62

Marco and Sam lost their jobs when the recession hit and their company had to lay off many of its employees. However, a few workers in their department with less seniority than Marco and Sam kept their jobs. When they confronted their supervisor about this, he offered only vague answers and changed the subject quickly. Given what you know about justice in organizations, why do you think their supervisor might have behaved this way?

A) It is not standard practice for large companies to explain the reasons for laying off large numbers of lower-level employees.
B) Many managers find sharing bad news to be stressful, leading them to distance themselves rather than to explain decisions.
C) Their manager was engaging in a passive form of abusive supervision--Sam and Marco likely have a legal case.
D) Low levels of information tend to prevent wrongful termination claims because most employees just give up.
E) Honest and adequate explanations actually tend to increase retaliation responses against the organization.

Question 63

Informational justice reflects the perceived fairness of the ________ provided to employees from the authorities.

A) remuneration
B) communication
C) management
D) guidance
E) supervision

Question 64

Which of the following is a procedural justice rule of fair process?

A) voice
B) justification
C) equality
D) respect
E) propriety

Question 65

Companies that engage in civility training are most likely concerned about ________ justice.

A) interpersonal
B) procedural
C) ethical
D) legal
E) perceived

Question 66

The ________ rule requires that the decision-making procedures and outcomes that the authorities explain to employees be honest and candid.

A) accuracy
B) respect
C) informational
D) equity
E) truthfulness

Question 67

The first step in the four-component model of ethical decision making is

A) moral intent.
B) moral judgment.
C) ethical behavior.
D) moral awareness.
E) moral identity.

Question 68

Which of the following is an interpersonal justice rule?

A) truthfulness
B) consistency
C) equity
D) accuracy
E) propriety

Question 69

Which of the following is not a factor in the four-component model of ethical decision making?

A) moral sensitivity
B) moral awareness
C) moral intent
D) ethical behavior
E) moral judgment

Question 70

________ is defined as the process by which employees expose illegal or immoral actions by their employer.

A) Social exchange
B) Whistleblowing
C) Abusive supervision
D) Distributive justice
E) Economic exchange

Question 71

Bruce, a first-line supervisor at Lou's Market, regularly uses abusive and derogatory words when dealing with his subordinates. Many employees have also heard Bruce refer to specific employees with inappropriate labels ridiculing their ethnicity, names, or weaknesses. From the scenario, it can be concluded that workers at Lou's lack ________ justice.

A) distributive
B) informational
C) procedural
D) interpersonal
E) restorative

Question 72

Informational justice is fostered when authorities adhere to the rules of

A) voice and accuracy.
B) justification and truthfulness.
C) equity and equality.
D) consistency and accuracy.
E) respect and propriety.

Question 73

The third step in the four-component model of ethical decision making is

A) ethical behavior.
B) moral awareness.
C) moral identity.
D) moral intent.
E) trust propensity.

Question 74

In 1989, Jeffrey Wigand was a scientist working for tobacco company Brown and Williamson. When he discovered that the company was adding carcinogenic substances to increase the impact of its tobacco, he was fired from his job. In 1996, he went on the TV news show 60 Minutes to reveal this information to the public. His allegations resulted in many state lawsuits that ultimately won $368 billion in settlements against the company, along with greater scrutiny of the tobacco industry. This scenario reflects Wigand's

A) preconventional moral reasoning.
B) whistleblowing.
C) bias suppression.
D) trust propensity.
E) abusive supervision.

Question 75

________ is defined as the sustained display by a manager of hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact.

A) Trust propensity
B) Bias suppression
C) Justification
D) Whistle-blowing
E) Abusive supervision

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of an especially ethical behavior?

A) moral awareness
B) economic exchange
C) abusive supervision
D) legal compliance
E) whistleblowing

Question 77

Interpersonal justice is fostered when authorities adhere to which two particular rules?

A) the propriety rule and the equity rule
B) the respect rule and the accuracy rule
C) the respect rule and the propriety rule
D) the truthfulness rule and the respect rule
E) the propriety rule and the consistency rule

Question 78

Which of the following represent the two interpersonal justice rules?

A) voice and correctability
B) justification and truthfulness
C) equity and equality
D) consistency and accuracy
E) respect and propriety

Question 79

Josh, who is nearing retirement, often makes improper or offensive remarks to younger employees. Which rule is Josh violating?

A) propriety
B) justification
C) truthfulness
D) accuracy
E) voice

Question 80

Synergy Laboratories has a very liberal atmosphere in which all employees are welcome to participate in the decision-making process. The company values the feedback and suggestions given by the employees, who in turn are pleased that they are able to express their opinions freely. Which of the following dimensions of justice is the company promoting by giving its employees voice?

A) informational justice
B) procedural justice
C) distributive justice
D) interpersonal justice
E) retributive justice