Deck 8: Vitamins

Question 1

A reversible condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin A affecting the visual cycle is _______________.

Answer 1

night blindness

Question 2

Beriberi is caused by a _______________ deficiency

Answer 2

thiamin vitamin B-1 B-1

Question 3

The richest food source of preformed vitamin A is _______________

Answer 3

liver polar bear liver

Question 4

_______________ is a fat-soluble, antioxidant vitamin that protects cell membranes, especially of red blood cells, from damage

Question 5

The childhood deficiency disease for vitamin D is called _______________.

Question 6

The vitamin that also is considered a hormone is _______________

Question 7

The vitamin required specifically in carbohydrate metabolism is _______________

Question 8

Vitamin ______ can be produced in the skin in response to ultraviolet light.
D

Question 9

Vitamin D deficiency in adulthood leads to ____________.

Question 10

The vitamin that poses the greatest risk for toxicity is _______________

Question 11

With a deficiency of vitamin A, cells that line the cornea of the eye lose their ability to produce mucus. The eye becomes dry and susceptible to infection. This infection eventually leads to blindness. This disease process is called _______________, which means "dry eye."

Question 12

____________ are the form of vitamin A found in plant foods.

Question 13

The vitamin that plays an essential role in amino acid metabolism is _______________

Question 14

____________ are the form of vitamin A found in animal foods.

Question 15

The fat-soluble vitamin that can lead to calcification of soft tissue, such as the kidney, when consumed in large quantities, is _______________

Question 16

In North America, the major dietary source of vitamin ______ is fortified dairy products.
D

Question 17

Symptoms of ____________ deficiency include glossitis, dermatitis, cheilosis, eye disorders, sun sensitivity, and confusion

Question 18

The body can produce niacin from the amino acid _______________

Question 19

A niacin deficiency causes the disease _______________.

Question 20

In general, the richest sources of vitamin E are _______________

Question 21

Which of the following is true about the forms of vitamin A?

A) Retinoids are found in plant foods.
B) Carotenoids are found in animal foods.
C) Carotenoids can be converted to retinoids.
D) Retinoids are converted to carotenoids.

Question 22

Drying of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency is called

A) apnea.
B) dysphagia.
C) xerophthalmia.
D) cachexia.

Question 23

Most vitamin A is stored in the

A) kidneys.
B) small intestine.
C) liver.
D) adipose tissue.

Question 24

Which statement about vitamins is true?

A) Cannot be stored by the body
B) Are inorganic
C) Help regulate chemical reactions in the body
D) Directly supply energy

Question 25

Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for the health of epithelial cells because it promotes mucus production?

A) A
B) E
C) C
D) D

Question 26

Which of the following is true about the intake of vitamins?

A) Supplemental vitamins are better than those from food.
B) Occasional lapses in vitamin intake should cause no harm.
C) It is hard to get all of the vitamins we need from food.
D) Vitamins consumed in excess are excreted.

Question 27

The vitamin that can mask B₁₂ deficiency is _______________

Question 28

Which of the following does not describe fat-soluble vitamins?

A) They are stored in the body.
B) Excesses are excreted in the urine.
C) They are transported via the bloodstream.
D) They tend to exist in several biologically active forms.

Question 29

Which of the following is true about our current knowledge about vitamins?

A) We are sure there are more vitamins to be discovered for humans.
B) We cannot effectively feed individuals intravenously for long periods of time because we do not know about all the vitamins that must be included.
C) Most scientists believe we have discovered all vitamins relevant to humans.
D) We know that there are more fat-soluble vitamins to discover.

Question 30

Which fat soluble vitamins are most toxic if consumed in excess amounts over long periods of time?

A) Vitamins D and K
B) Vitamins A and E
C) Vitamins A and D
D) Vitamins E and K

Question 31

All of the following are true statements regarding fat malabsorption except

A) results in decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
B) increases the risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency.
C) increases the risk of developing pellagra or beriberi.
D) increases the risk of developing hypovitaminosis A, rickets, or osteomalacia.

Question 32

Which of the following is true about the regulation of the production and sale of vitamin and mineral supplements?

A) There is no federal legislation regulating supplements.
B) The FDA does not regulate all vitamin and mineral supplements closely.
C) Americans can rest assured that the federal government will protect them from vitamin and mineral supplement overuse.
D) Supplement companies are free to market their products with invalid and illegal claims.

Question 33

_______________ is a water-soluble vitamin that enhances iron absorption

Question 34

Overconsumption of vitamins A and E can do all the following except

A) lead to accumulation in the liver.
B) result in toxicity.
C) cure colds and prevent cancer.
D) lead to debilitating side effects.

Question 35

If you wanted to add significant quantities of vitamins and minerals to your diet from the food you eat, a good choice would be

A) a doughnut made with enriched white flour.
B) apple juice.
C) a fortified breakfast cereal such as Total Raisin Bran.
D) a banana.

Question 36

Pernicious anemia is due to an impaired absorption of _______________

Question 37

Megadoses are defined as vitamin intake ________ times the estimated human need to prevent a deficiency.

A) 1 to 3
B) 3 to 5
C) 2 to 10
D) 50

Question 38

Which of the following is true about the absorption, transport, and storage of fat-soluble vitamins?

A) They enter the bloodstream directly after absorption.
B) Fat in the digestive contents is not important for their absorption.
C) They are not stored to any great extent.
D) After absorption, they are transported in the bloodstream to body cells and/or stored in the liver and fatty tissue.

Question 39

Adequate intake of _______________ can help prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida

Question 40

Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ in which way?

A) Water-soluble vitamins are stored, whereas fat-soluble vitamins are excreted readily.
B) Water-soluble vitamins are less likely to be toxic.
C) Fat-soluble vitamins have much less potential for toxicity.
D) Water-soluble vitamins are best absorbed in the presence of dietary fat.

Question 41

Which of the following is the best source of preformed vitamin A?

A) Broccoli
B) Pork chop
C) Chicken breast
D) Liver

Question 42

Vitamin D is unique among the vitamins because

A) it is absorbed and transported via the lymphatic system.
B) absorption requires bile and fat.
C) it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to the sun.
D) it can be stored.

Question 43

The most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is

A) poultry.
B) whole-grain cereals.
C) yellow squash.
D) fortified milk.

Question 44

Which of the following serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes, protecting them and DNA inside cells, from damage?

A) Vitamin K
B) Vitamin D
C) Niacin
D) Vitamin E

Question 45

Dark green or orange vegetables and/or fruits are recommended at least every other day to provide a source of vitamin A. E.
B) C.
C) A.
D) D.

Question 46

Which of the following is converted to vitamin A in the body?

A) Retinol
B) Carotenoids
C) Cholesterol
D) Phenylalanine

Question 47

Which of the following is a good source of provitamin A?

A) Orange
B) Apricot
C) Cauliflower
D) Potatoes

Question 48

George wants to increase his consumption of vitamin A for the possible cancer risk-reducing effects. Which of the following foods should he choose?

A) Spinach
B) Salmon
C) Pears
D) Potato

Question 49

Efficient deposition of calcium and phosphorus in bones is the net effect of A. vitamin A.
B) riboflavin.
C) vitamin D.
D) niacin.

Question 50

All of the following are true about the toxicity of vitamin A except

A) one can experience toxic effects from consuming too much beta-carotene.
B) fetal malformation can occur.
C) one is unlikely to get toxic doses from eating food.
D) most adverse effects disappear after megadoses stop.

Question 51

The major effect of taking high doses of vitamin D is

A) excessive acne.
B) calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs.
C) limb paralysis.
D) a flaky skin rash.

Question 52

Vitamin E functions as a(n)

A) coenzyme.
B) antioxidant.
C) hormone.
D) enzyme.

Question 53

This vitamin, when consumed during pregnancy, can help prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida.

A) Niacin
B) Folate/folic acid
C) Riboflavin
D) B₆

Question 54

The main form of vitamin E in the body is

A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) gamma-tocopherol.
C) beta-tocopherol.
D) delta-tocopherol.

Question 55

The childhood disease rickets is due to a _______ deficiency.

A) vitamin D
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin K

Question 56

All of the following are characteristic of vitamin D except

A) facilitates calcium absorption from the small intestine.
B) is activated by the liver and kidney.
C) causes the kidney to excrete less calcium in the urine.
D) prevents osteoporosis.

Question 57

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is A. vitamin E.
B) vitamin D.
C) vitamin A.
D) niacin.

Question 58

An average serving of which food provides the most vitamin A?

A) Yellow squash
B) Egg
C) Liver
D) Apricot

Question 59

Which of the following vitamins has been helpful in large doses as a treatment for acne?

A) C
B) D
C) A
D) E

Question 60

A rich source of vitamin E is

A) an orange.
B) a chicken breast.
C) corn oil.
D) prime rib.

Question 61

A deficiency of vitamin B₆ can result in depression, headaches, and confusion. These occur because of impaired

A) hemoglobin synthesis.
B) glucose metabolism.
C) neurotransmitter synthesis.
D) myelin synthesis.

Question 62

The foods that provide the largest source of riboflavin in the American diet are

A) meats.
B) whole grain cereals.
C) milk and dairy products.
D) dark green leafy vegetables.

Question 63

The B vitamins generally function as

A) antioxidants.
B) coenzymes.
C) emulsifiers.
D) reducing agents.

Question 64

The nutrient essential for synthesis of several blood clotting factors is vitamin A. A.
B) C.
C) K.
D) E.

Question 65

In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the

A) kidneys.
B) intestine.
C) lungs.
D) liver.

Question 66

An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of

A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) rhodopsin.
C) retinol.
D) prothrombin.

Question 67

What disease is caused by a thiamin deficiency?

A) Pellagra
B) Scurvy
C) Kwashiorkor
D) Beriberi

Question 68

The vitamin that functions as a coenzyme, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism, is

A) thiamin.
B) pyridoxine.
C) niacin.
D) riboflavin.

Question 69

What vitamin plays an essential role in amino acid metabolism?

A) Thiamin
B) Pyridoxine
C) Riboflavin
D) Niacin

Question 70

Thiamin is distributed in small amounts in many foods. A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is

A) milk.
B) pork.
C) whole grain cereals.
D) dark green vegetables.

Question 71

A pantothenic acid deficiency

A) is very unlikely because of its widespread availability.
B) is very likely.
C) occurs commonly in children.
D) occurs commonly in the elderly.

Question 72

Intestinal bacteria can make this B vitamin in adequate amounts to meet human needs.

A) Folate
B) Vitamin B₆
C) Pantothenic acid
D) Biotin

Question 73

Some niacin is formed in the body from

A) phenylalanine.
B) tyrosine.
C) tryptophan.
D) lysine.

Question 74

Bill's physician has prescribed an intake of 200 milligrams nicotinic acid (a form of niacin) to attempt to preserve his health. Which of the following is true about nicotinic acid consumption?

A) It provides no health benefits.
B) It has no toxic effects when consumed in high doses.
C) It can elevate serum triglycerides.
D) It can lower elevated serum cholesterol.

Question 75

The vitamin that aids in activating fatty acids so they can yield energy is

A) pantothenic acid.
B) biotin.
C) vitamin B₆.
D) thiamin.

Question 76

The vitamin that prevents beriberi is

A) B₁₂.
B) niacin.
C) riboflavin.
D) thiamin.

Question 77

Pellagra is characterized by all the following except

A) dysphagia.
B) diarrhea.
C) dementia.
D) dermatitis.

Question 78

Which of the following are the best thiamin sources?

A) Pork, whole grains, enriched cereals, legumes
B) Root vegetables, cheddar-type cheese, deep yellow/orange fruits and vegetables
C) Ham, vegetables of the cabbage family, whole grains
D) Milk, beef, deep yellow/orange fruits and vegetables

Question 79

Niacin is necessary to prevent the disease

A) pernicious anemia.
B) beriberi.
C) scurvy.
D) pellagra.

Question 80

All of the following are true of B vitamins except

A) are water soluble.
B) serve as coenzymes.
C) can be lost during food processing and preparation.
D) are stored in the liver.