Deck 7: Software Development

Question 1

The impact of software defects is always trivial.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A primary cause of poor software quality is that developers do not know how to design quality into software from the very start, or do not take the time to do so.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Software product litigation first occurred in 2000.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In the context of developing safety-critical systems, the safety engineer's role is limited to producing a hazard log.

Question 5

User acceptance testing is performed by trained end users to ensure that the system operates as they expect.

Question 6

Software suppliers attempt to limit their liability by specifying that although software is warranted to run on a given machine configuration, no assurance is given as to what that software will do.

Question 7

When developing safety-critical systems, a key assumption must be that safety will automatically result from
following an organization's standard development methodology.

Question 8

There is no federal product liability law.

Question 9

Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is a process improvement approach that defines the essential elements of effective processes.

Question 10

Under the doctrine of supervening event, the original seller is not liable if the software was materially altered after it
left the seller's possession and the alteration caused the injury.

Question 11

Software developers do not typically work closely with safety and software engineers.

Question 12

A successful defense against a product liability case is typically expensive in terms of legal fees.

Question 13

In the context of maturity level distribution across a large sample of organizations, the percentage of organizations at the initial maturity level is 36.

Question 14

Software quality is the degree to which a software product meets the needs of its users.

Question 15

Software defects are commonly lethal and many personal injuries are related to software failures.

Question 16

When software is well-designed, programmers make no mistakes in turning design specifications into lines of code.

Question 17

The first release of a software product typically meets all its users' expectations.

Question 18

Risk analysis is important for safety-critical systems, but is useful for other kinds of software development as well.

Question 19

When forced to choose between adding more user features and doing more testing, most software companies decide in favor of more testing.

Question 20

In integration testing, special software programs called static analyzers are run against the new code.

Question 21

A is a standard, proven work process that enables those involved to make controlled and orderly progress in developing high-quality software.

A) software guide
B) software development methodology
C) software manual
D) software project management

Question 22

A type of business system is the , which is used to develop accurate forecasts of customer demand, recommend stocks and bonds for an investment portfolio.

A) upgrade management system
B) decision support system
C) executive information system
D) data information system

Question 23

If the product fails to meet the terms of its written guarantee, the buyer or lessee can sue for .

A) breach of warranty
B) comparative negligence
C) contributory negligence
D) strict liability

Question 24

Process-control computers enable the process to be monitored for variations from operating standards and to eliminate product defects before they affect product .

A) quality
B) delivery
C) testing
D) development

Question 25

Software quality is defined as the degree to which a software product meets:

A) the needs of its users.
B) the standards of its competitors.
C) sustainability and environmental protection needs.
D) the minimum financial return standards.

Question 26

Products, such as statements of requirements, flowcharts, and user documentation, are known as .

A) project systems
B) information systems
C) objects
D) deliverables

Question 27

After successful unit testing, the subsystems are combined to test the entire system as a complete entity using _____.

A) system testing
B) black-box testing
C) integration testing
D) static testing

Question 28

are defined as a set of interrelated components that include hardware, software, databases, networks, people, and procedures that collect data, process it, and disseminate the output.

A) Management information systems
B) Decision support systems
C) Business information systems
D) Data information systems

Question 29

In one lawsuit in the early , a financial institution became insolvent because defects in a purchased software application caused errors in several of its systems.

A) 1990s
B) 1980s
C) 1970s
D) 1960s

Question 30

One approach to quality assurance is to test the code for a completed unit of software by actually entering test data and comparing the results with the expected results in a process called .

A) dynamic testing
B) user acceptance testing
C) integration testing
D) static testing

Question 31

In the context of Capability Maturity Model Integration, process is ad hoc and chaotic; organization tends to overcommit and processes are often abandoned during times of crisis in the maturity level.

A) quantitatively managed
B) managed
C) defined
D) initial

Question 32

Which of the following is true of strategies for engineering quality software?

A) High-quality software systems are tough to learn and use because they perform slowly.
B) ?Software defects never lead to injury.
C) Developers develop high-quality software instantaneously without a set of principles.
D) The first release of any software rarely meets all its users' expectations.

Question 33

After an organization decides to adopt , it must conduct an assessment of its software development practices to determine where they fit in the capability model.

A) QA
B) software development methodology
C) software quality management
D) CMMI-DEV

Question 34

refers to methods within the development cycle that guarantee reliable operation of the product.

A) Software quality assurance
B) Software development methodology
C) Software documentation
D) Software project management

Question 35

involves viewing the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown.

A) Integration testing
B) Black-box testing
C) User acceptance testing
D) Static testing

Question 36

Software suppliers frequently write to attempt to limit their liability in the event of nonperformance.

A) manuals
B) warnings
C) warranties
D) sureties

Question 37

Which of the following is true of software testing?

A) White-box testing involves viewing the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown.
B) Black-box testing treats the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings, unlike the unit in whitebox testing, are known.
C) Static testing involves software programs called static analyzers which are run against new code.
D) Integration testing involves independent testing that is performed by trained end users to ensure that the system operates as they expect.

Question 38

When sued for , a software supplier is not held responsible for every product defect that causes customer or third-party loss.

A) breach of warranty
B) misrepresentation
C) strict liability
D) negligence

Question 39

can be oral, written, or inferred from the seller's conduct.

A) Indemnity
B) Strict liabilities
C) Warranty tolling
D) Express warranties

Question 40

means that the defendant is held responsible for injuring another person, regardless of negligence or intent.

A) Contributory negligence
B) Misrepresentation
C) Strict liability
D) Breach of warranty

Question 41

In the context of development of safety critical systems, if an undesirable event has a one percent probability of occurring, a 25 percent chance of going undetected, and a potential cost of $1,000,000, then the risk can be calculated as .

A) $5000
B) $7000
C) $2500
D) $9500

Question 42

Any defect in software can lead to decreased product quality, increased waste and costs, or even unsafe operating conditions for employees.

Question 43

The standard serves many industries and organizations as a guide to quality products, services, and management.

A) ISO 7498-4
B) ISO 9595/DAM 1
C) ISO 9596
D) ISO 9001

Question 44

A(n) is any error that, if not removed, could cause a software system to fail to meet its users' needs.

Question 45

The of software, its usability, and its timely development are critical to almost everything businesses do.

Question 46

In the context of the Capability Maturity Model Integration maturity levels, the percentage of organizations at the managed maturity level is .

A) 5.8
B) 25.7
C) 38.9
D) 22.1

Question 47

Microsoft's third major variation of its operating system is .

Question 48

A(n) assures buyers or lessees that a product meets certain standards of quality.

Question 49

As a result of the lack of consistent quality in software, many organizations avoid buying the release of a major software product.

Question 50

An airline's online ticket­reservation system and an electronic funds transfer system that moves money among
banks, are examples of .

Question 51

The safety engineer uses a logging and monitoring system to track from a project's start to its finish.

A) standards
B) objectives
C) hazards
D) deliverables

Question 52

A complex system used in IT is a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), which is commonly used in for file servers.

A) high-volume data storage
B) low-volume data storage
C) unpredictable-volume data storage
D) irregular-volume data storage

Question 53

The use of software introduces that concern many executives.

Question 54

N-version programming is an approach to minimizing the impact of software errors by independently implementing the same set of user requirements times, where N could be 2, 3, 4, or more.

A) N+1
B) N
C) N+2
D) N+3

Question 55

Which of the following is true of the International Organization for Standardization?

A) It is an American organization founded in 2001.
C) It issued the 9000 series of business standards in 1987.

Question 56

focuses on how to define, measure, and refine the quality of the development process and the products developed during its various stages.

Question 57

is the probability of an undesirable event occurring times the probability that the event would go undetected times the magnitude of the event's consequences if it does happen.

A) Risk
B) Redundancy
C) Liability
D) Certainty

Question 58

Defendants in a(n) action may use several legal defenses, including the doctrine of supervening event, the government contractor defense, and an expired statute of limitations.

Question 59

is common in airplane and spacecraft control systems.

A) Structured programming
B) Triple version programming
C) Object programming
D) Root programming

Question 60

is an important technique used to develop ISO 9001-compliant quality systems.

A) DO-178B/EUROCCAE ED-128
B) N-version programming
C) Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
D) Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)

Question 61

Black-box testing and white-box testing are two forms of .

Question 62

Discuss intentional misrepresentation.

Question 63

Define the five maturity levels of CMMI.

Question 64

Poor design between systems and humans can greatly increase risk, sometimes with tragic consequences.

Question 65

defines five levels of software development maturity and identifies the issues that are most critical to software quality and process improvement.

Question 66

A key element of safety-critical systems is , the provision of multiple interchangeable components to perform a single function in order to cope with failures and errors.

Question 67

Discuss the failure of safety-critical software systems through an example.

Question 68

If an organization follows widely accepted development methods, on its part is hard to prove.

Question 69

After an organization determines all pertinent to a system, it must decide its acceptable level.

Question 70

Define reliability.

Question 71

A(n) is one whose failure may cause human injury or death.

Question 72

In the awarding of software contracts, particularly by the federal government, organizations that bid on a contract may be required to have adopted and to be performing at a certain level.

Question 73

treats the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are known.

Question 74

What are the standards that the warranty of merchantability requires to be met?

Question 75

The plaintiff must have a valid contract that the supplier did not fulfill in order to win a(n) claim.