Deck 24: Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids

Question 1

Most of the glycerol produced by fatty acid breakdown is converted eventually to

A) glucose.
B) protein.
C) fat.
D) lactate.
E) amino acids.

Answer 1

glucose.

Question 2

A chylomicron is a

A) lipase.
B) digestive enzyme.
C) triacylglycerol.
D) transport lipoprotein.
E) storage protein.

Answer 2

transport lipoprotein.

Question 3

The series of reactions that produces energy by hydrolyzing fats to units of acetyl CoA is called

A) transamination.
B) β oxidation.
C) hydration.
D) hydrolysis.
E) β reduction.

Answer 3

β oxidation.

Question 4

Most of the energy stored in the human body is in the form of

A) glycogen.
B) glucose.
C) muscle tissue.
D) triacylglycerols.
E) the amino acid pool.

Question 5

The small droplets of fat that are the first step in the digestion of dietary fats are called

A) emulsions.
B) detergents.
C) bile drops.
D) lipoproteins.
E) micelles.

Question 6

The digestion of fats begins when the fat globules are

A) emulsified by bile salts.
B) attacked by protease enzymes to form smaller fat globules.
C) converted to lipoproteins for greater solubility.
D) hydrolyzed to glucose and amino acids.
E) hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 7

The removal of 2-carbon segments of a fatty acid for further metabolism is called

A) β oxidation.
B) transamination.
C) deglyceration.
D) dehydration.
E) decarboxylation.

Question 8

The 2-carbon segments removed from a fatty acid during metabolism are used to form

A) glucose.
B) pyruvate.
C) lactate.
D) CoA.
E) acetyl CoA.

Question 9

Fatty acids and glycerol are produced from the metabolism of

A) lipids.
B) proteins.
C) carbohydrates.
D) amino acids.
E) glucose.

Question 10

Fatty acids are not a source of energy for the brain because

A) they cannot diffuse across the blood-brain barrier.
B) the citric acid cycle does not operate in the brain.
C) chylomicrons are too large for absorption by brain cells.
D) they are metabolized before they get as far as the brain.
E) there is no lipase in the brain.

Question 11

Red blood cells do not metabolize fatty acids because they have

A) no nucleus.
B) a cell wall.
C) a cell membrane.
D) no mitochondria.
E) no DNA.

Question 12

The digestion of fats begins in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.
E) pancreas.

Question 13

Fat stores in the body are mobilized when

A) adipocyte concentrations are high.
B) blood glucose levels are high.
C) glucagon production is low.
D) insulin production is high.
E) glucose and glycogen stores are low.

Question 14

The heart muscle's primary source of fuel is

A) glucose.
B) fatty acids.
C) amino acids.
D) glycogen.
E) lactate.

Question 15

The enzymes that break down triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol are called

A) lyases.
B) aconitases.
C) lipases.
D) hydrolases.
E) oxidoreductases.

Question 16

Most of the glycerol produced by fatty acid breakdown goes to the

A) pancreas.
B) gall bladder.
C) liver.
D) small intestine.
E) brain.

Question 17

The source of energy for red blood cells is

A) amino acids.
B) fatty acids.
C) glycerol.
D) glucose.
E) lactate.

Question 18

The action of pancreatic lipase on triacylglycerols produces

A) emulsions.
B) micelles.
C) monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids.
D) high-density lipoproteins.
E) low-density lipoproteins.

Question 19

Fat cells are known as

A) lysosomes.
B) adipocytes.
C) glycerides.
D) islet cells.
E) monoacylglycerols.

Question 20

Which step is found in the breakdown of a fat?

A) an activation that requires 1 ATP.
B) an oxidation with a cytochrome.
C) an oxidation with CoQ.
D) direct substrate phosphorylation.
E) production of pyruvate.

Question 21

In the activation of a fatty acid, energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to

A) form a double bond in an oxidation reaction.
B) join the fatty acid to CoA.
C) add a molecule of water across a double bond to give a hydroxyl group on the β carbon.
D) oxidize the hydroxyl group on the β carbon.
E) cause a unit of acetyl CoA to separate from the fatty acid chain.

Question 22

Fats are higher in caloric value than carbohydrates because

A) 1 gram of fat produces significantly more ATP than 1 gram of glucose.
B) fats can make use of the citric acid cycle.
C) fats make use of β oxidation.
D) 1 gram of glucose weighs more than 1 gram of fat.
E) 1 gram of glucose contains more moles than 1 gram of fat.

Question 23

The energy released by the β oxidation of a cis fatty acid is

A) slightly more than that obtained from a trans fatty acid.
B) slightly less than that obtained from a trans fatty acid.
C) the same as that obtained from a trans fatty acid.
D) less than that obtained from one glucose molecule.
E) used immediately to form ATP.

Question 24

During complete oxidation of the fatty acid CH3(CH₂)18COOH, __________ molecules of acetyl CoA are produced, and the fatty acid goes through the β-oxidation cycle __________ times.

A) ten; ten
B) nine; ten
C) nine; nine
D) nine; eight
E) ten; nine

Question 25

The function of fatty acyl CoA is to

A) activate a fatty acid for metabolism.
B) produce a 2-carbon segment for metabolism.
C) isomerize cis fatty acids.
D) cross the blood-brain barrier.
E) produce a lipoprotein.

Question 26

When excess acetyl CoA accumulates in the liver, a pathway called __________ is initiated.

A) transamination
B) glycolysis
C) gluconeogenesis
D) emulsification
E) ketogenesis

Question 27

What is the total number of ATP molecules produced from the lauric acid (C₁₂H₂4O₂) found in coconut oil?

A) 72 ATP
B) 90 ATP
C) 100 ATP
D) 97 ATP
E) 95 ATP

Question 28

In Type I diabetes mellitus,

A) blood glucose levels are too low.
B) glucose intake is too low.
C) birth of a baby restores normal pancreatic function.
D) sufficient insulin is produced, but cannot be used.
E) the pancreas produces insufficient insulin.

Question 29

Malonyl CoA contains a 3-carbon compound used in

A) lipogenesis.
B) acetyl CoA formation.
C) gluconeogenesis.
D) glycogenolysis.
E) the citric acid cycle.

Question 30

The 2-carbon units obtained by degradation of a fatty acid are further metabolized in

A) gluconeogenesis.
B) the citric acid cycle.
C) β oxidation.
D) glycolysis.
E) transamination.

Question 31

Ketosis is a condition that can occur if

A) ketone bodies cannot be completely metabolized.
B) too many ketones are ingested.
C) too much protein is available in the diet.
D) the brain is starved of glucose.
E) low fat intake occurs.

Question 32

Fatty acyl CoA cannot cross into the mitochondrial matrix until

A) it is cut into 2-carbon segments.
B) the citric acid cycle has begun.
C) β oxidation has taken place.
D) the mitochondrial membrane undergoes a modification.
E) it binds with a charged carrier molecule called carnitine.

Question 33

Ketosis can lower the blood pH below 7.4, producing the condition

A) anemia.
B) hyponatremia.
C) hypokalemia.
D) acidosis.
E) alkalosis.

Question 34

Leptin is

A) a digestive enzyme.
B) a cofactor for fatty acid oxidation.
C) an obesity gene.
D) a zymogen.
E) a hormone stored in fat cells.

Question 35

Myristic acid, a C14 fatty acid, produces __________ acetyl CoA when completely metabolized.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 7
D) 12
E) 14

Question 36

In Type II diabetes mellitus,

A) blood glucose levels are too low.
B) glucose intake is too low.
C) birth of a baby restores normal pancreatic function.
D) sufficient insulin is produced, but cannot be used.
E) the pancreas produces insufficient insulin.

Question 37

Each acetyl CoA produces __________ ATP in the citric acid cycle.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 10
D) 12
E) 24

Question 38

Beta-oxidation takes place in the

A) nucleus.
B) cytosol.
C) cytoplasm.
D) mitochondrial matrix.
E) Golgi body.

Question 39

The complete oxidation of CH₃(CH₂)₈COOH produces __________ molecules of ATP.

A) 80
B) 78
C) 82
D) 74
E) 76

Question 40

Myristic acid, a C14 fatty acid, undergoes the β-oxidation cycle __________ times.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 7
E) 14

Question 41

Chylomicrons consist of bile salts and lipids.

Question 42

β oxidation adds two-carbon segments to a fatty acid chain.

Question 43

In mammals, the ammonium ion produced in oxidative deamination is

A) excreted in the feces.
B) stored in the liver.
C) converted to uric acid, which is excreted in the urine.
D) converted to urea, which is excreted in the urine.
E) converted to uric acid, which is excreted by the liver.

Question 44

The nitrogen for nucleotide synthesis comes from

A) carbohydrates.
B) fats.
C) proteins.
D) DNA.
E) RNA.

Question 45

In the urea cycle, argininosuccinase catalyzes the reaction of arginosuccunate to

A) citurulline.
B) carbomyl phosphate.
C) orthinine.
D) arginine.
E) arginase.

Question 46

A ten carbon saturated fatty acid will undergo five β oxidation cycles.

Question 47

Fatty acid synthesis takes place primarily in

A) liver cells.
B) intestinal cells.
C) brain cells.
D) muscle cells.
E) adipocytes.

Question 48

A ten carbon saturated fatty acid will produce five acetyl CoAs.

Question 49

The initial digestion of protein is catalyzed by an enzyme called

A) chymotrypsin.
B) peptidase.
C) pepsin.
D) amylase.
E) trypsin.

Question 50

All of the nonessential amino acids can be synthesized in the body by transamination, using an amino group from

A) glutamic acid.
B) α-ketoglutaric acid.
C) pyruvic acid.
D) oxaloacetate.
E) lactic acid.

Question 51

Which metabolic substrate can be produced from the carbon atoms in the amino acid lysine?

A) pyruvate
B) succinyl CoA
C) acetoacetyl CoA
D) fumarate

Question 52

The coenzyme(s) used in fatty acid synthesis is (are) __________.

A) NADH
B) FADH₂
C) NADPH
D) NADH and NADPH
E) FADH₂ and NADH

Question 53

The letters ACP stand for

A) acetyl Coenzyme P.
B) aconitate protein complex.
C) acetyl condensing protein.
D) acyl carrier protein.
E) acetyl CoA-palmitate.

Question 54

Red blood cells have mitochondria, which serve as an energy production site.

Question 55

Which of the following does NOT require NAD+?

A) glycolysis
B) transamination
C) citric acid cycle
D) β oxidation
E) oxidative deamination

Question 56

Fatty acids can be used in the brain as an energy source.

Question 57

The production of new fatty acids is called

A) gluconeogenesis.
B) β oxidation.
C) transesterification.
D) oxidation.
E) lipogenesis.

Question 58

The digestion of protein begins in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.
E) pancreas.

Question 59

In a(n) __________ reaction, NH4+is produced when glutamate is converted to α-ketoglutarate.

A) dehydrogenation
B) transamination
C) oxidative deamination
D) reduction
E) hydration

Question 60

Acyl carrier protein is used in

A) β oxidation.
B) lipogenesis.
C) gluconeogenesis.
D) acetyl CoA production.
E) fatty acid degradation.

Question 61

The production of new triacylglycerols is termed ketogenesis.

Question 62

Some amino acids can be converted into others via transamination.

Question 63

Identify each of the following metabolic pathways.
the conversion of fatty acids to 2-carbon units of acetyl Coenzyme A

A)ketogenesis
B)transamination
C)β oxidation
D)lipogenesis
E)oxidative deamination

Question 64

Match the following.
the main source of energy in the body

A)chylomicrons
B)FAD
C)GTP
D)acidosis
E)essential amino acid
F)β oxidation
G)transaminated amino acid
H)ketone bodies
I)Coenzyme A
J)a ketogenic amino acid
K)a glucogenic amino acid
L)ATP
M)alkalosis

Question 65

Match the following.
compounds produced when there is little or no carbohydrate metabolism and a subsequent increase in fat metabolism

A)chylomicrons
B)FAD
C)GTP
D)acidosis
E)essential amino acid
F)β oxidation
G)transaminated amino acid
H)ketone bodies
I)Coenzyme A
J)a ketogenic amino acid
K)a glucogenic amino acid
L)ATP
M)alkalosis

Question 66

Match the following.
the products of ketogenesis

A)chylomicrons
B)FAD
C)GTP
D)acidosis
E)essential amino acid
F)β oxidation
G)transaminated amino acid
H)ketone bodies
I)Coenzyme A
J)a ketogenic amino acid
K)a glucogenic amino acid
L)ATP
M)alkalosis

Question 67

Match the following.
an amino acid producing carbons for glucose production

A)chylomicrons
B)FAD
C)GTP
D)acidosis
E)essential amino acid
F)β oxidation
G)transaminated amino acid
H)ketone bodies
I)Coenzyme A
J)a ketogenic amino acid
K)a glucogenic amino acid
L)ATP
M)alkalosis

Question 68

Match the following.
a carrier of electrons to the site of ATP production, from oxidation reactions involving carbon-carbon double bonds

A)chylomicrons
B)FAD
C)GTP
D)acidosis
E)essential amino acid
F)β oxidation
G)transaminated amino acid
H)ketone bodies
I)Coenzyme A
J)a ketogenic amino acid
K)a glucogenic amino acid
L)ATP
M)alkalosis

Question 69

Identify each of the following metabolic pathways.
the conversion of an amino acid to an α-keto acid

A)ketogenesis
B)transamination
C)β oxidation
D)lipogenesis
E)oxidative deamination

Question 70

The overall process of synthesizing and breaking down proteins is called protein turnover.

Question 71

Match the following.
a condition of low blood pH

A)chylomicrons
B)FAD
C)GTP
D)acidosis
E)essential amino acid
F)β oxidation
G)transaminated amino acid
H)ketone bodies
I)Coenzyme A
J)a ketogenic amino acid
K)a glucogenic amino acid
L)ATP
M)alkalosis

Question 72

Match the following.
an amino acid that is not synthesized in the body

A)chylomicrons
B)FAD
C)GTP
D)acidosis
E)essential amino acid
F)β oxidation
G)transaminated amino acid
H)ketone bodies
I)Coenzyme A
J)a ketogenic amino acid
K)a glucogenic amino acid
L)ATP
M)alkalosis

Question 73

The urea cycle is the major pathway for eliminating the excess nitrogen from amino acid degradation.

Question 74

Acyl carrier protein is used in fatty acid synthesis.

Question 75

Match the following.
lipoproteins formed from triacylglycerols and protein

A)chylomicrons
B)FAD
C)GTP
D)acidosis
E)essential amino acid
F)β oxidation
G)transaminated amino acid
H)ketone bodies
I)Coenzyme A
J)a ketogenic amino acid
K)a glucogenic amino acid
L)ATP
M)alkalosis

Question 76

Protein digestion begins in the small intestine.

Question 77

Match the following.
a major step in fatty acid degradation

A)chylomicrons
B)FAD
C)GTP
D)acidosis
E)essential amino acid
F)β oxidation
G)transaminated amino acid
H)ketone bodies
I)Coenzyme A
J)a ketogenic amino acid
K)a glucogenic amino acid
L)ATP
M)alkalosis

Question 78

Ammonium ions and carbon dioxide produce urea in the urea cycle.

Question 79

The amino acid valine enters the citric acid cycle as succinyl CoA.

Question 80

Identify each of the following metabolic pathways.
a carrier of 2-carbon units in fatty acid degradation

A) chylomicrons
B) FAD
C) GTP
D) acidosis
E) essential amino acid
F) β oxidation
G) transaminated amino acid
H) ketone bodies
I) Coenzyme A
J) a ketogenic amino acid
K) a glucogenic amino acid
L) ATP
M) alkalosis