Deck 22: Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates

Question 1

Which coenzyme is the electron acceptor in the following reaction?

A) FAD
B) NAD+
C) FMN
D) NADH
E) FADH₂

Answer 1

NAD+

Question 2

Anabolic reactions are reactions that

A) use oxidation but not reduction.
B) break down large molecules into smaller ones.
C) take place in the mitochondria.
D) use energy.
E) give off energy.

Answer 2

use energy.

Question 3

The symbol Pi stands for

A) inorganic phosphate.
B) inert pyrophosphate.
C) insoluble phosphate.
D) isomers of phosphate.
E) irreversible phosphorylation.

Answer 3

inorganic phosphate.

Question 4

The middle stage of catabolism is the point at which

A) acetyl CoA is produced.
B) monomers are produced from macromolecules.
C) macromolecules are made from monomers.
D) glycogen is converted to glucose.
E) excess nutrients are stored as fats.

Question 5

Which of the following is true for prokaryotic cells?

A) They are more complex than eukaryotic cells.
B) They are larger than eukaryotic cells.
C) They contain mitochondria.
D) They are found in animals.
E) They do not contain a nucleus.

Question 6

The main compound used to release energy for metabolism is

A) sucrose.
B) glucose phosphate.
C) adenosine triphosphate.
D) ribonucleic acid.
E) NAD⁺.

Question 7

A compound that is formed in a metabolic oxidation is called a(n)

A) product.
B) enzyme.
C) metabolite.
D) food.
E) cofactor.

Question 8

Protein synthesis takes place

A) in the mitochondria.
B) on the endoplasmic reticulum.
C) in the nucleus.
D) on the ribosomes.
E) in the cytosol.

Question 9

Which coenzyme is the electron acceptor in the following reaction?

A) FAD
B) NAD+
C) FMN
D) NADH
E) FADH₂

Question 10

The final products of catabolic reactions are

A) carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia.
B) glucose, lipids, and glycogen.
C) lipids, oxygen, and water.
D) RNA and DNA.
E) lipids and carbohydrates.

Question 11

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is

A) endothermic.
B) exothermic.
C) isothermic.
D) an oxidation.
E) a reduction.

Question 12

The process by which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones for the body's use is called

A) metabolism.
B) catabolism.
C) anabolism.
D) glucogenesis.
E) gluconeogenesis.

Question 13

How many main stages of catabolism are there?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 14

The synthesis of glycogen can be classified as a(n)

A) catabolic reaction.
B) anabolic reaction.
C) digestion reaction.
D) phosphorylation reaction.
E) β-oxidation reaction.

Question 15

Overall, catabolic reactions

A) release energy.
B) take in energy.
C) occur mainly in the liver.
D) occur outside the cell membrane.
E) take place in the nucleus of the cell.

Question 16

The release of pyrophosphate from ATP to give AMP and PPi, followed by the hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate, releases approximately the same amount of energy as

A) sucrose breakdown.
B) protein digestion.
C) glucose oxidation.
D) glycogen production.
E) ATP → ADP + Pi

Question 17

The components of ATP are

A) adenosine, ribose, and triphosphate.
B) aniline and triphosphate.
C) alanine, ribose, and triphosphate.
D) adenine, ribose, and triphosphate.
E) adenosine, deoxyribose, and triphosphate.

Question 18

The process of building up new molecules in the cell is called

A) metabolism.
B) catabolism.
C) anabolism.
D) glycolysis.
E) transamination.

Question 19

Which of the following does not require energy from ATP hydrolysis?

A) digestion
B) muscle contraction
C) transport across cell membranes
D) sending nerve signals
E) synthesis of an enzyme

Question 20

The first stage of catabolism is

A) the citric acid cycle.
B) production of pyruvate.
C) production of acetyl CoA.
D) buildup of macromolecules from monomers.
E) digestion of large molecules.

Question 21

Lactose intolerance occurs due to

A) an excess of galactose intake.
B) a deficiency of β-galactosidase.
C) a deficiency of lactase.
D) an overabundance of glucose.
E) overproduction of amylase.

Question 22

Muscle contraction is an example of a(n)

A) anabolic process.
B) catabolic process.
C) glucose storage process.
D) protein degradation process.
E) lipid hydrolysis process.

Question 23

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) pancreas.
D) small intestine.
E) large intestine.

Question 24

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate produced in glycolysis can be converted to

A) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
B) lactic acid.
C) glucose-6-phosphate.
D) fructose-6-phosphate.
E) acetyl CoA.

Question 25

Muscle contraction requires

A) copper ion and ATP.
B) iron.
C) calcium ion and ATP.
D) lipid hydrolysis.
E) carbon dioxide.

Question 26

FAD stands for

A) flavin adenosine dinucleotide.
B) folic acid diphosphate.
C) fumarate alcohol dehydrogenase.
D) folate adenosine diphosphate.
E) flavin adenine dinucleotide.

Question 27

Which of the following metabolic pathways can occur in the absence of oxygen?

A) electron transport
B) oxidative phosphorylation
C) citric acid cycle
D) glycolysis
E) β-oxidation

Question 28

The portion of Coenzyme A that reacts with potential substrates is

A) an acid group.
B) an amino group.
C) a C=O group.
D) an alcohol group.
E) a thiol group.

Question 29

Glycolysis is a(n) __________ process.

A) aerobic
B) anaerobic
C) anabolic
D) one-step
E) five-step

Question 30

The overall process of glycolysis

A) requires oxygen.
B) uses up 4 ATP molecules.
C) requires acetyl CoA.
D) is an anabolic pathway.
E) produces 2 ATP molecules.

Question 31

NAD+ stands for the coenzyme

A) niacin adenine dinucleotide.
B) nicotinic acid diphosphate.
C) nicotinamide diphosphate.
D) nicotine adenosine dinucleotide.
E) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Question 32

In the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted to

A) pyruvate.
B) citrate.
C) sucrose.
D) oxaloacetate.
E) ribose.

Question 33

The process of glycolysis is regulated by

A) cell requirements for pyruvate.
B) allosteric control.
C) ATP needs.
D) feedback inhibition.
E) All of the above.

Question 34

NAD+ participates in reactions that produce

A) a CH₂ group.
B) a C=O bond.
C) phosphorylation.
D) ADP from ATP.
E) a C-C bond.

Question 35

Coenzyme A is a molecule whose function is to

A) activate enzyme A.
B) undergo phosphorylation.
C) provide energy for the citric acid cycle.
D) produce acyl groups for reaction.
E) help break down macromolecules.

Question 36

In biochemical systems, the term reduction often refers to

A) a loss of hydrogen or electrons by a compound.
B) a gain of hydrogen or electrons by a compound.
C) a gain in oxygen.
D) a loss of electrons.
E) an energy-releasing reaction.

Question 37

An enzyme that can facilitate the breakdown of starch into smaller units is

A) glucose phosphatase.
B) alcohol dehydrogenase.
C) amylase.
D) lactase.
E) maltase.

Question 38

In step 7 of glycolysis, ATP is generated when a phosphate group is transferred directly from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP in a process known as

A) oxidation.
B) direct phosphorylation.
C) reduction.
D) transamination.
E) oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 39

An acyl group contains at least __________ carbon atom(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 40

FAD is a coenzyme which usually participates in

A) oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes.
B) formation of carbon-carbon double bonds.
C) decarboxylation reactions.
D) phosphorylation reactions.
E) β-oxidation reactions.

Question 41

Most of the energy in the typical animal cell is produced in the __________.

A) cytosol
B) nucleus
C) mitochondria
D) lysosomes
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 42

The primary energy source for the brain is

A) lactate.
B) triacylglycerols.
C) amino acids.
D) fructose.
E) glucose.

Question 43

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose is called

A) glyceration.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) glucogenesis.
D) glycogenesis.
E) glycolysis.

Question 44

The net energy production in anaerobic glycolysis is __________.

A) 2 ATP
B) 4 ATP
C) 6 ATP
D) 8 ATP
E) 12 ATP

Question 45

Reactions in the mitochondria produce most of the cell's energy.

Question 46

The production of ethanol from glucose is termed __________.

A) fermentation
B) glycolysis
C) gluconeogenesis
D) β-oxidation
E) dehydrogenation

Question 47

When glycogen is broken down into glucose, the process is called

A) glycogenesis.
B) glycogenolysis.
C) gluconeogenesis.
D) lactate production.
E) glucagon production.

Question 48

When one glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis it generates

A) 6 ATP.
B) 6 ATP and 2 NADH.
C) 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
D) 2 ATP and 4 NADH.
E) 12 ATP.

Question 49

When glucose is made from noncarbohydrate sources, the process is called

A) glycogenesis.
B) glycogenolysis.
C) gluconeogenesis.
D) lactate production.
E) glucagon production.

Question 50

Hydrolysis of sucrose takes place primarily in the __________.

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) pancreas
D) small intestine
E) large intestine

Question 51

The energy for most energy-requiring reactions in the cells of the body is obtained by the hydrolysis of __________.

A) ATP
B) ADP
C) AMP
D) cyclic AMP
E) GTP

Question 52

Glycogenesis obtains energy from

A) ADP.
B) UTP.
C) Pi.
D) pyrophosphate.
E) pyruvate.

Question 53

Under anaerobic conditions, lactate is produced from

A) acetyl CoA.
B) pyruvate.
C) ATP.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) NAD+.

Question 54

Glycogen is normally stored in

A) heart and lung.
B) liver and muscle.
C) spleen and bone.
D) pancreas and muscle.
E) fat cells and muscle.

Question 55

The compounds formed when fructose-1, 6-diphosphate is split are

A) pyruvic acid and lactic acid.
B) ethanol and acetyl CoA.
C) dihydroxyacetone phosphate and pyruvic acid.
D) dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
E) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvic acid.

Question 56

The cytosol is an aqueous solution of salts and enzymes.

Question 57

Energy production in the cell occurs primarily in the nucleus.

Question 58

The term that refers to all of the chemical reactions in living cells is __________.

A) glycolysis
B) β-oxidation
C) metabolism
D) anabolism
E) catabolism

Question 59

When as much glycogen is stored as possible in the body, excess glucose is converted to

A) triacylglycerols.
B) fructose.
C) sucrose.
D) Coenzyme A.
E) ATP.

Question 60

Lysosomes digest and recycle old cell structures.

Question 61

ATP is the primary energy source for the cell.

Question 62

Digestion of a polysaccharide is an anabolic process.

Question 63

Catabolic reactions provide energy to generate ATP in the cell.

Question 64

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ethanol.

Question 65

Identify each of the following metabolic pathways.
glycogenesis

A)the production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
B)the flow of lactate and glucose between muscle and liver
C)the synthesis of glycogen from glucose for storage purposes
D)breaking down of macromolecules
E)the conversion of glucose to lactic acid
F)the conversion of pyruviate to ethanol and CO₂
G)lipid metabolism

Question 66

Identify each of the following metabolic pathways.
fermentation

A)the production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
B)the flow of lactate and glucose between muscle and liver
C)the synthesis of glycogen from glucose for storage purposes
D)breaking down of macromolecules
E)the conversion of glucose to lactic acid
F)the conversion of pyruviate to ethanol and CO₂
G)lipid metabolism

Question 67

The conversion of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate produces 7.3 kcal/mole of energy.

Question 68

Oxidation involves the gain of electrons for a substance.

Question 69

A deficiency in the enzyme lactase causes lactose intolerance.

Question 70

In glycolysis, two ATPs are invested and six ATPs are synthesized.

Question 71

Identify each of the following metabolic pathways.
gluconeogenesis

A)the production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
B)the flow of lactate and glucose between muscle and liver
C)the synthesis of glycogen from glucose for storage purposes
D)breaking down of macromolecules
E)the conversion of glucose to lactic acid
F)the conversion of pyruviate to ethanol and CO₂
G)lipid metabolism

Question 72

ATP contains a ribose sugar.

Question 73

FADH₂ is the oxidized form of FAD.

Question 74

NAD+ acts as a hydrogen acceptor in metabolic reactions.

Question 75

Pantothenic acid is a part of NADH.

Question 76

In glycogenesis, excess glucose is used to form glycogen.

Question 77

Identify each of the following metabolic pathways.
anaerobic glycolysis

A)the production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
B)the flow of lactate and glucose between muscle and liver
C)the synthesis of glycogen from glucose for storage purposes
D)breaking down of macromolecules
E)the conversion of glucose to lactic acid
F)the conversion of pyruviate to ethanol and CO₂
G)lipid metabolism

Question 78

In gluconeogenesis, glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate material.

Question 79

The production of carbon dioxide and water in the body is an anabolic process.

Question 80

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.