Deck 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure

Question 1

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

A) have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list.
B) present the list more slowly.
C) have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
D) have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.

Answer 1

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

Question 2

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

A) Inserting a 30-second delay before recall
B) Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace
C) Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
D) Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)

Answer 2

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Repetition priming
C) Procedural memory
D) Semantic memory

Answer 3

Semantic memory

Question 4

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

A) the stimulus category changed.
B) the stimulus category remained the same.
C) the response task changed.
D) the response task remained the same.

Question 5

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.

A) Semantic; implicit
B) Implicit; episodic
C) Episodic; semantic
D) Procedural; episodic

Question 6

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

A) Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
B) Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory.
C) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
D) Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

Question 7

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test.

A) recall
B) recognition
C) word-completion
D) personal semantic memory

Question 8

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

A) the hippocampus
B) synaptic consolidation
C) vitamin B1
D) deep processing

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

A) The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories.
B) Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms.
C) Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other.
D) Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

Question 10

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

A) Implicit
B) Explicit
C) Declarative
D) All of these are correct

Question 11

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

A) the phonological similarity effect.
B) a build-up and release of proactive interference.
C) the cocktail party phenomenon.
D) a partial-report procedure.

Question 12

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

A) the first words
B) the middle words
C) the last words
D) both the first and last words

Question 13

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.

A) long-term
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) implicit

Question 14

The primacy effect is attributed to

A) recall of information stored in long-term memory.
B) a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.
C) recall of information still active in short-term memory.
D) forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

Question 15

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that

A) it involves mental time travel.
B) it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened.
C) it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience.
D) it involves both explicit and implicit memories.

Question 16

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

A) long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired.
B) impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.
C) a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory.
D) short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

Question 17

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

A) phonological.
B) concrete.
C) semantic.
D) visual.

Question 18

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

A) has no effect on the curve.
B) increases the primacy effect.
C) decreases the recency effect.
D) increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

Question 19

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

A) represent different aspects of the same mechanism.
B) are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other.
C) both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism.
D) are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Question 20

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

A) aware; unaware
B) self; others
C) primacy; recency
D) episodic; semantic

Question 21

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

A) Knowing how it feels to be scared
B) Recalling a childhood memory
C) Knowing how an automobile engine works
D) Reading a sentence in a book

Question 22

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

A) Episodic
B) Semantic
C) Procedural
D) Implicit

Question 23

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

A) just read about the singer in a magazine.
B) just seen the singer on TV.
C) recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine.
D) attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

Question 24

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

A) only when we are aware we've seen them before.
B) simply because we have been exposed to them before.
C) only when we agree with them.
D) unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

A) When autobiographical memories are impaired, their episodic content will block access to related semantic content.
B) Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.
C) Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 years of age.
D) It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content.

Question 26

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

A) episodic
B) implicit
C) semantic
D) procedural

Question 27

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

A) The self-reference effect
B) The propaganda effect
C) Release from proactive inhibition
D) Encoding specificity

Question 28

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

A) recognizing famous people.
B) remembering the meaning of some words.
C) recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen.
D) remembering graduating from college.

Question 29

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

A) declarative and non-declarative
B) personal semantic and remote
C) semantic and episodic
D) implicit and procedural

Question 30

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

A) it always leads to episodic memory for events.
B) it is enhanced by the self-reference effect.
C) people are not conscious they are using it.
D) people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

Question 31

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

A) Because learning the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus requires effort.
B) Because it is based on motor skills similar to procedural memory.
C) Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
D) Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

A) I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt.
B) I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer.
C) I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
D) I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.

Question 33

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

A) intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
B) intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory.
C) intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
D) intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

Question 34

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

A) episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events.
B) the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
C) semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory.
D) semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.

Question 35

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

A) Following a story in a book
B) Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store
C) Recognizing people he has recently met
D) Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Question 36

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

A) intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
B) intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory.
C) intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
D) intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

Question 37

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.

A) images; sounds
B) implicit; explicit
C) knowing; remembering
D) fragile; permanent

Question 38

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

A) The Bourne Identity
B) Memento
C) The Long Kiss Goodnight
D) 50 First Dates

Question 39

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being

A) the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.
B) different from the priming stimulus.
C) similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.
D) different in meaning from the priming stimulus.

Question 40

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

A) working
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) autobiographical

Question 41

For years, propaganda has been deployed by political leaders and systems in a variety of contexts. From a cognitive psychology perspective, explain why such efforts are often effective.

Question 42

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.

A) reflective
B) subjective
C) personal
D) autobiographical

Question 43

In one or two sentences, write an autobiographical memory of something you recently experienced. Then identify the episodic and semantic components of that memory.

Question 44

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

A) facts
B) feelings
C) episodes
D) procedures

Question 45

Explain how research on brain-damaged individuals informs our understanding of priming in implicit memory.

Question 46

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

A) Semantic, episodic, visual
B) Visual, semantic, episodic
C) Episodic, visual, semantic
D) Semantic, visual, episodic

Question 47

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?

A) Consciousness
B) Location
C) Process
D) Form

Question 48

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.

A) knowledge
B) emotions
C) future
D) neural networks

Question 49

The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________.

A) neurons
B) source
C) task
D) stimulus

Question 50

Explain how our episodic memories are linked to the future. Give an example that illustrates the adaptive role of memory in this context.

Question 51

Explain the difference between "knowing" and "remembering" from Tulving's perspective. Give an example of each to support your thinking.

Question 52

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.

A) conditioning
B) primacy
C) recency
D) propaganda

Question 53

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.

A) static
B) skill
C) explicit
D) task

Question 54

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ .

A) one
B) two
C) four
D) six

Question 55

Describe the concept of semanticization of remote memories. Give examples across time to support your thinking.

Question 56

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.

A) semanticizing
B) knowing
C) reliving
D) coding