Deck 22: Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates

Question 1

How many main stages of catabolism are there?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)five

Answer 1

three

Question 2

The energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is

A)31 kcal/mole.
B)7.3 kcal/mole.
C)73 kcal/mole.
D)10. kcal/mole.
E)4.0 kcal/mole.

Answer 2

7.3 kcal/mole.

Question 3

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is

A)endothermic.
B)exothermic.
C)isothermic.
D)an oxidation.
E)a reduction.

Answer 3

exothermic.

Question 4

Muscle contraction requires

A)copper ion and ATP.
B)iron.
C)calcium ion and ATP.
D)lipid hydrolysis.
E)carbon dioxide.

Question 5

The final products of catabolic reactions are

A)carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia.
B)glucose, lipids, and glycogen.
C)lipids, oxygen, and water.
D)RNA and DNA.
E)lipids and carbohydrates.

Question 6

The components of ATP are

A)adenosine, ribose, and triphosphate.
B)aniline and triphosphate.
C)alanine, ribose, and triphosphate.
D)adenine, ribose, and triphosphate.
E)adenosine, deoxyribose, and triphosphate.

Question 7

Protein synthesis takes place

A)in the mitochondria.
B)on the endoplasmic reticulum.
C)in the nucleus.
D)on the ribosomes.
E)in the cytosol.

Question 8

A compound that is formed in a metabolic oxidation is called a(n)

A)product.
B)enzyme.
C)metabolite.
D)food.
E)cofactor.

Question 9

The first stage of catabolism is

A)the citric acid cycle.
B)production of pyruvate.
C)production of acetyl CoA.
D)buildup of macromolecules from monomers.
E)digestion of large molecules.

Question 10

The synthesis of glycogen can be classified as a(n)

A)catabolic reaction.
B)anabolic reaction.
C)digestion reaction.
D)phosphorylation reaction.
E)β-oxidation reaction.

Question 11

Overall, catabolic reactions

A)release energy.
B)take in energy.
C)occur mainly in the liver.
D)occur outside the cell membrane.
E)take place in the nucleus of the cell.

Question 12

The middle stage of catabolism is the point at which

A)acetyl CoA is produced.
B)monomers are produced from macromolecules.
C)macromolecules are made from monomers.
D)glycogen is converted to glucose.
E)excess nutrients are stored as fats.

Question 13

Anabolic reactions are reactions that

A)use oxidation but not reduction.
B)break down large molecules into smaller ones.
C)take place in the mitochondria.
D)use energy.
E)give off energy.

Question 14

The main compound used to release energy for metabolism is

A)sucrose.
B)glucose phosphate.
C)adenosine triphosphate.
D)ribonucleic acid.
E)NAD+.

Question 15

Which of the following does not require energy from ATP hydrolysis?

A)digestion
B)muscle contraction
C)transport across cell membranes
D)sending nerve signals
E)synthesis of an enzyme

Question 16

The symbol Pi stands for

A)inorganic phosphate.
B)inert pyrophosphate.
C)insoluble phosphate.
D)isomers of phosphate.
E)irreversible phosphorylation.

Question 17

Which of the following is true for prokaryotic cells?

A)They are more complex than eukaryotic cells.
B)They are larger than eukaryotic cells.
C)They contain mitochondria.
D)They are found in animals.
E)They do not contain a nucleus.

Question 18

The hydrolysis of ADP to give AMP and Pi, releases approximately the same amount of energy as

A)sucrose breakdown.
B)protein digestion.
C)glucose oxidation.
D)glycogen production.
E)ATP → ADP + Pi.

Question 19

The process by which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones for the body's use is called

A)metabolism.
B)catabolism.
C)anabolism.
D)glucogenesis.
E)gluconeogenesis.

Question 20

The process of building up new molecules in the cell is called

A)metabolism.
B)catabolism.
C)anabolism.
D)glycolysis.
E)transamination.

Question 21

The portion of Coenzyme A that reacts with potential substrates is

A)an acid group.
B)an amino group.
C)a C=O group.
D)an alcohol group.
E)a thiol group.

Question 22

FAD stands for

A)flavin adenosine dinucleotide.
B)folic acid diphosphate.
C)fumarate alcohol dehydrogenase.
D)folate adenosine diphosphate.
E)flavin adenine dinucleotide.

Question 23

In biochemical systems, the term reduction often refers to

A)a loss of hydrogen or electrons by a compound.
B)a gain of hydrogen or electrons by a compound.
C)a gain in oxygen.
D)a loss of electrons.
E)an energy-releasing reaction.

Question 24

Which of the following metabolic pathways can occur in the absence of oxygen?

A)electron transport
B)oxidative phosphorylation
C)citric acid cycle
D)glycolysis
E)β-oxidation

Question 25

NAD+ participates in reactions that produce

A)a CH2 group.
B)a C=O bond.
C)phosphorylation.
D)ADP from ATP.
E)a C-C bond.

Question 26

Which coenzyme is the electron acceptor in the following reaction?

A)FAD
B)NAD+
C)FMN
D)NADH
E)FADH₂

Question 27

The digestion of carbohydrates goes from

A)glucose to dextrins to maltose.
B)maltose to polysaccharides.
C)polysaccharides to dextrins to glucose.
D)polysaccharides to glucose to dextrins.
E)glucose to polysaccharides.

Question 28

Coenzyme A is a molecule whose function is to

A)activate enzyme A.
B)undergo phosphorylation.
C)provide energy for the citric acid cycle.
D)produce acyl groups for reaction.
E)help break down macromolecules.

Question 29

The process of glycolysis is regulated by

A)cell requirements for pyruvate.
B)allosteric control.
C)ATP needs.
D)feedback inhibition.
E)All of the above.

Question 30

The overall process of glycolysis

A)requires oxygen.
B)uses up 4 ATP molecules.
C)requires acetyl CoA.
D)is an anabolic pathway.
E)produces 2 ATP molecules.

Question 31

Glycolysis is a(n) ________ process.

A)aerobic
B)anaerobic
C)anabolic
D)one-step
E)five-step

Question 32

In the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted to

A)pyruvate.
B)citrate.
C)sucrose.
D)oxaloacetate.
E)ribose.

Question 33

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate produced in glycolysis can be converted to

A)glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
B)lactic acid.
C)glucose-6-phosphate.
D)fructose-6-phosphate.
E)acetyl CoA.

Question 34

An acyl group contains at least ________ carbon atom(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)five

Question 35

Muscle contraction is an example of a(n)

A)anabolic process.
B)catabolic process.
C)glucose storage process.
D)protein degradation process.
E)lipid hydrolysis process.

Question 36

Which coenzyme is the electron acceptor in the following reaction?

A)FAD
B)NAD+
C)FMN
D)NADH
E)FADH₂

Question 37

NAD+ stands for the coenzyme

A)niacin adenine dinucleotide.
B)nicotinic acid diphosphate.
C)nicotinamide diphosphate.
D)nicotine adenosine dinucleotide.
E)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Question 38

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the

A)mouth.
B)stomach.
C)pancreas.
D)small intestine.
E)large intestine.

Question 39

An enzyme that can facilitate the breakdown of starch into smaller units is

A)glucose phosphatase.
B)alcohol dehydrogenase.
C)amylase.
D)lactase.
E)maltase.

Question 40

FAD is a coenzyme which usually participates in

A)oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes.
B)formation of carbon-carbon double bonds.
C)decarboxylation reactions.
D)phosphorylation reactions.
E)β-oxidation reactions.

Question 41

The production of ethanol from glucose is termed ________.

A)fermentation
B)glycolysis
C)gluconeogenesis
D)β-oxidation
E)dehydrogenation

Question 42

In step 7 of glycolysis, ATP is generated when a phosphate group is transferred directly from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP in a process known as

A)oxidation.
B)direct substrate phosphorylation.
C)reduction.
D)transamination.
E)oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 43

When glucose is made from noncarbohydrate sources, the process is called

A)glycogenesis.
B)glycogenolysis.
C)gluconeogenesis.
D)lactate production.
E)glucagon production.

Question 44

Energy production in the cell occurs primarily in the nucleus.

Question 45

The cytosol is an aqueous solution of salts and enzymes.

Question 46

When one glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis it generates

A)6 ATP.
B)6 ATP and 2 NADH.
C)2 ATP and 2 NADH.
D)2 ATP and 4 NADH.
E)12 ATP.

Question 47

The primary energy source for the brain is

A)lactate.
B)triacylglycerols.
C)amino acids.
D)fructose.
E)glucose.

Question 48

Glycogenesis obtains energy from

A)ADP.
B)UTP.
C)Pi.
D)pyrophosphate.
E)pyruvate.

Question 49

The energy for most energy-requiring reactions in the cells of the body is obtained by the hydrolysis of ________.

A)ATP
B)ADP
C)AMP
D)cyclic AMP
E)GTP

Question 50

The net energy production in anaerobic glycolysis is ________.

A)2 ATP
B)4 ATP
C)6 ATP
D)8 ATP
E)12 ATP

Question 51

Hydrolysis of sucrose takes place primarily in the ________.

A)mouth
B)stomach
C)pancreas
D)small intestine
E)large intestine

Question 52

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose is called

A)glyceration.
B)gluconeogenesis.
C)glucogenesis.
D)glycogenesis.
E)glycolysis.

Question 53

Reactions in the mitochondria produce most of the cell's energy.

Question 54

The term that refers to all of the chemical reactions in living cells is ________.

A)glycolysis
B)β-oxidation
C)metabolism
D)anabolism
E)catabolism

Question 55

Under anaerobic conditions, lactate is produced from

A)acetyl CoA.
B)pyruvate.
C)ATP.
D)carbon dioxide.
E)NAD+.

Question 56

Glycogen is normally stored in

A)heart and lung.
B)liver and muscle.
C)spleen and bone.
D)pancreas and muscle.
E)fat cells and muscle.

Question 57

When glycogen is broken down into glucose, the process is called

A)glycogenesis.
B)glycogenolysis.
C)gluconeogenesis.
D)lactate production.
E)glucagon production.

Question 58

When as much glycogen is stored as possible in the body, excess glucose is converted to

A)triacylglycerols.
B)fructose.
C)sucrose.
D)Coenzyme A.
E)ATP.

Question 59

The compounds formed when fructose-1, 6-diphosphate is split are

A)pyruvic acid and lactic acid.
B)ethanol and acetyl CoA.
C)dihydroxyacetone phosphate and pyruvic acid.
D)dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
E)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvic acid.

Question 60

Most of the energy in the typical animal cell is produced in the ________.

A)cytosol
B)nucleus
C)mitochondria
D)lysosomes
E)endoplasmic reticulum

Question 61

ATP contains a ribose sugar.

Question 62

In gluconeogenesis, glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate material.

Question 63

Lysosomes digest and recycle old cell structures.

Question 64

The conversion of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate produces 7.3 kcal/mole of energy.

Question 65

Digestion of a polysaccharide is an anabolic process.

Question 66

The product of glycolysis is glucose.

Question 67

The production of carbon dioxide and water in the body is an anabolic process.

Question 68

In glycolysis, two ATPs are invested and six ATPs are synthesized.

Question 69

ATP is the primary energy source for the cell.

Question 70

Glycogen storage disease occurs when an enzyme is deficient and impedes the storage or degradation of glycogen.

Question 71

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ethanol.

Question 72

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.

Question 73

Oxidation involves the gain of electrons for a substance.

Question 74

Pantothenic acid is a part of NADH.

Question 75

Gluconeogenesis is an anabolic process.

Question 76

In glycogenesis, excess glucose is used to form glycogen.

Question 77

FADH2 is the oxidized form of FAD.

Question 78

Catabolic reactions provide energy to generate ATP in the cell.

Question 79

NAD+ acts as a hydrogen acceptor in metabolic reactions.

Question 80

Most of the digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the stomach.