Deck 5: Population Health

Question 1

Early childhood caries affects teeth of children up to what age?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Answer 1

5

Question 2

Which of the following is true concerning the burden of oral disease?

A) It is spread evenly throughout the population.
B) Those who experience the worst oral health are found among the very young.
C) Poorer older Americans are particularly vulnerable.
D) Oral disease does not jeopardize overall oral health.

Answer 2

Poorer older Americans are particularly vulnerable.

Question 3

What percentage of children (older than 2 years of age) and adults have never visited a dentist, according to the 1999-2004 NHANES?

A) 3%
B) 15%
C) 23%
D) 55%

Answer 3

23%

Question 4

Which of the following organizations developed the Oral Health Country/Area Profile Program (CAPP) in 1995?

A) Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
B) World Health Regional Office for the Americas (AMRO)
C) World Health Organization (WHO)
D) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Question 5

According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004, what percentage of people aged 75 years and older had experienced root caries?

A) 22%
B) 42%
C) 62%
D) 82%

Question 6

In recent years, which of the following has limited the pursuits in oral health research to measure progress in relation to the status of oral diseases and conditions?

A) Lack of funding
B) Lack of disease disparity
C) Lack of adequate means of measuring the result of programs
D) Lack of communication between public health and private practice

Question 7

What percentage of children aged 2-17 were offered advice by a medical doctor about needing routine dental visits (NHANES 1999-2004 and MEPS 2011 data)?

A) 15%
B) 32%
C) 40%
D) 52%

Question 8

What percentage of older adults (65 to 74 years of age) are edentulous?

A) 4%
B) 14%
C) 22%
D) 34%

Question 9

Which of the following is associated with early childhood caries?

A) Diet that is high in saturated fat
B) Putting a child to bed with formula or other sweetened drinks
C) Not eating enough leafy green or yellow vegetables
D) Child who is a finicky eater

Question 10

According to NOHSS, caries rate among third graders (1998 to 2011) was lowest/highest in which of the following states?

A) Arizona/Connecticut
B) Connecticut/Arizona
C) California/Maine
D) Washington/Arizona

Question 11

Which of the following is true concerning the social impact of oral disease?

A) Children have a poor self-concept.
B) Children from higher income families experience more restricted activity days than poor children because of better monitoring.
C) Children experience delayed growth and development.
D) Children have a poor self-concept and experience delayed growth and development.

Question 12

Which of the following is considered to be a safe and effective population-based measure to improve oral health and prevent oral disease?

A) Daily oral hygiene
B) School-based dental sealant program
C) Clinical dental visit
D) Healthy diet

Question 13

Which of the following populations are less likely to have a dental visit?

A) Children from minority families, whose parents have periodontal disease, and are from low income homes
B) Children from minority families whose parents have periodontal disease
C) Children from minority families and from low income homes
D) Children whose parents have periodontal disease and from low income homes

Question 14

Which of the following is true concerning placement of dental sealants in the United States?

A) A higher percentage of 14-year-old adolescents received dental sealants in the United States in 1999-2004 than 8-year-old children.
B) Disparities in dental sealants are not apparent based on race and ethnicity.
C) In 1999-2004, 8-year-old Mexican American children had fewer dental sealants than White or African American children.
D) In 1999-2004, 14-year-old Mexican American adolescents had fewer dental sealants than White or African American children.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about poor oral health?

A) Employers have an obligation to make care available.
B) Left untreated, it can result in premature death.
C) It is only experienced at the low socioeconomic level.
D) Has an effect on home life, but not work experience.

Question 16

According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which group experienced the greatest gain in dental caries reduction from the Healthy People 2010 to Healthy People 2020 surveys?

A) Children aged 3-5 years
B) Children aged 6-9 years
C) Adolescents aged 13-15 years
D) Adults aged 35-60 years

Question 17

As the current trends in aging continue, which of the following will be true?

A) Adults will lose fewer teeth as they age and will have fewer teeth that are at risk for dental caries throughout life.
B) Adults will lose fewer teeth as they age and will have more teeth that are at risk for dental caries throughout life.
C) Adults will lose more teeth as they age and will have fewer teeth that are at risk for dental caries throughout life.
D) Adults will lose more teeth as they age and will have more teeth that are at risk for dental caries throughout life.

Question 18

What population has the highest rate of untreated tooth decay compared to other age groups?

A) Vulnerable adult seniors
B) Children 10-13 years old
C) Children 6-9 years old
D) Children 3-5 years old

Question 19

Which of the following is the most common chronic disease of childhood?

A) Juvenile diabetes
B) Asthma
C) Hay fever
D) Tooth decay

Question 20

The prevalence of dental caries among school-age children declined within the United States in the 1980s and 1990s. However, these improvements for children seem to have stalled and for some indicators actually regressed in the 2000s.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of the prevalence of periodontal disease between male and female? ______ show a higher prevalence of periodontal disease; __________ show a lower prevalence of moderate periodontal disease.

A) Males/males. Males show a higher prevalence of periodontal disease, but a lower prevalence of moderate periodontal disease.
B) Males/females. Males show a higher prevalence of periodontal disease; females show a lower prevalence of moderate periodontal disease.
C) Females/males. Females show a higher prevalence of periodontal disease, but males show a lower prevalence of moderate periodontal disease.
D) Females/females. Females show a higher prevalence of periodontal disease and a lower prevalence of moderate periodontal disease.

Question 22

As reported in 2009-2010 data, what percentage of 6-9 year olds had at least one dental sealant placed?

A) 32%
B) 50%
C) 65%
D) 90%

Question 23

Severe periodontal disease affected what percent of dentate adults 35-49 years of age in 2009-2010?

A) 8.5%
B) 8.7%
C) 30%
D) 85%

Question 24

Of the 50 largest U.S. cities, which of the following do not have fluoridated water?

A) San Jose, CA; Detroit, MI; Portland, ME
B) Portland, ME; Albuquerque, NM; Fresno, CA
C) Fresno, CA; Detroit, MI; Portland, ME
D) Wichita, KS; Tucson, AZ; San Jose, CA

Question 25

Which of the following is the most equitable, cost-effective, and cost-saving method of providing fluoride to the community?

A) Fluoridated salt
B) Fluoridation of the public water supply
C) Fluoride mouth rinses
D) In-office fluoride treatments with fluoride gels or foams

Question 26

Which of the following is true regarding treatment of cleft lip and cleft palate in the United States?

A) The lifetime cost of providing care to children born each year with cleft lip or cleft palate is estimated to be $697 million.
B) Oral clefts are entirely attributable to genetic causes, and environmental factors do not play a role.
C) The National Birth Defects Prevention Network (NBDPN) collects cleft lip and palate data annually from all 50 states.
D) Oral clefts are attributable solely to environmental factors.

Question 27

During the period 1988-1994, what percentage of adults in the United States aged 35-44 years had gingivitis?

A) 25%
B) 33%
C) 50%
D) 76%

Question 28

Which of the following is true regarding oral and pharyngeal cancer?

A) American Indian and Alaskan native men have the highest oral cancer rates.
B) Recent studies have shown that the incidence is increasing for those cancers related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
C) An estimated 18,880 deaths from oral and pharyngeal cancer are expected in 2015.
D) The National Cancer Institute reported that oral cancer survival rates decreased approximately 15% in 2006.

Question 29

Studies have reported that which of the following creates a significant risk increase for oral cancer in individuals?

A) Smoking
B) Alcohol use
C) Smoking and alcohol use together
D) Chewing betel quid

Question 30

Most oral cancers are which of the following?

A) Osteogenic sarcomas
B) Pleomorphic adenomas
C) Squamous cell carcinomas
D) Melanomas

Question 31

Which of the following is true about edentulism in the past decade? Rates of edentulism have ______________ while rates of untreated decay in adults have ______________.

A) The rate of edentulism has decreased while the rate of untreated decay in adults has increased.
B) The rate of edentulism has increased while the rate of untreated decay in adults has decreased.
C) The rate of edentulism and untreated decay in adults has decreased.
D) The rate of edentulism and untreated decay in adults has increased.

Question 32

Of the following, which has the lowest 5-year cancer survival rate?

A) Localized
B) Metastasized
C) Spread to regional lymph nodes

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true concerning fluoridation of water in the United States?

A) More than 75% of the U.S. population is served by community water systems with optimally fluoridated water.
B) Twenty-five percent of people in the United States receive water with sufficient naturally occurring fluoride concentrations.
C) More than 50% of the U.S. population does not have access to optimally fluoridated water.
D) The percentage of the population served by community water systems receiving optimally fluoridated water varies substantially by state.

Question 34

A definition for incisal trauma is which of the following?

A) Fractured enamel caused by a craniofacial insult
B) A traumatic injury to either upper or lower permanent incisors
C) A sports-related injury
D) Fracture of enamel caused by malocclusion

Question 35

The current recommended concentration of fluoride in the water for the prevention of dental caries is which of the following?

A) 7%
B) 37%
C) 57%
D) 77%

Question 36

Which of the following types of cancer occurs most frequently?

A) Bone cancer
B) Oral cancer
C) Ovarian cancer
D) Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 37

According to a national survey what percentage of persons aged 8-50 years had severe crowding of the anterior incisors?

A) 0.9%
B) 9.0%
C) 19.0%
D) 29.0%

Question 38

The benefit received by those living in a nonfluoridated part of a state with a fluoridated water supply is called which of the following?

A) Halo effect
B) Shared benefit
C) Minimal
D) Pipeline effect

Question 39

According to the National Cancer Institute Survey, which of the following statements reflects the rate of oral cancer from 2007 to 2011?

A) 11 per 100,000 per year
B) 6.5 per 100,000 per year
C) 5 per 100,000 per year
D) 2.5 per 100,000 per year

Question 40

Factors most impacting tooth loss were which of the following?

A) Age and education
B) Education and gender
C) Age and low income
D) Low income and education

Question 41

From a 2020 progress report, approximately what percentage of Americans visited the dentist during 2011?

A) 32%
B) 42%
C) 52%
D) 62%

Question 42

The federal share of Medicaid spending represents which percent in every state?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 75%

Question 43

The legislation that has impacted the evolution of the oral health care system is which of the following?

A) Medicare
B) Affordable Care Act (ACA)
C) Head Start
D) OSHA

Question 44

According to the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) in 2004, what percentage of the total U.S. population aged 65 and above had not had a dental visit within a year?

A) 35%
B) 45%
C) 50%
D) 60%

Question 45

Which of the following is true concerning dental fluorosis?

A) A 1999-2004 survey found that anterior teeth were more often affected than posterior teeth.
B) In a 1999-2004 survey, very mild or greater dental fluorosis was observed in 67% of persons aged 4-49 years.
C) Sixteen percent were categorized as having questionable fluorosis.
D) Forty-eight percent had severe fluorosis.

Question 46

The group most impacted by ACA is which of the following?

A) The very young (ages up to 2 years)
B) Teenagers (ages 13 to 19)
C) Young adults (ages 19 to 25)
D) The elderly (ages 70+)

Question 47

In the absence of Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), most children covered by these programs would be:

A) covered by private dental insurance.
B) covered by Medicare.
C) covered by the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors.
D) uninsured.

Question 48

Vulnerable population groups include which of the following?

A) Pregnant women, prisoners, urban dwellers
B) Recent immigrants, prisoners, homeless persons
C) Teenagers, rural citizens, migrants
D) Older adults, urban dwellers, teenagers

Question 49

The 2010 out-of-pocket expenditures for dental care were how much higher than the out-of-pocket expenditures for all other health expenses?

A) About the same
B) Double
C) Triple
D) Quadruple

Question 50

Which of the following demographic groups was least likely to have indicated an annual dental visit in 2004 according to the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)?

A) Families with low income
B) Families with low education
C) Families with no symptoms
D) Families with low income and low education

Question 51

When at 200% or more below the federal poverty level, which group has the highest rate of being uninsured?

A) Hispanic
B) Non-Hispanic Black
C) Non-Hispanic White
D) All groups have the same rate of being uninsured

Question 52

Public programs covering dental care include which of the following?

A) Medicaid
B) Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
C) Medicare
D) Medicaid and CHIP

Question 53

Of the following, which group is least likely to have dental coverage?

A) Nonunion workers
B) Low-income adults
C) Children living at or near the federal poverty level
D) Union workers

Question 54

In 2012, how many older adults were enrolled in Medicare?

A) 26 million
B) 28 million
C) 41 million
D) 60 million

Question 55

In the United States in 2013, how many children remained uninsured?

A) 5.7 million
B) 7 million
C) 28 million.
D) 50 million.

Question 56

Which tooth structures is/are most likely to be affected by a sports-related injury?

A) Maxillary incisors
B) Mandibular incisors
C) Upper lip
D) Lower lip

Question 57

Which of the following age groups has the highest prevalence of nondental visits within a 5-year period?

A) Children younger than 6 years of age
B) Adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age
C) Adults between 20 and 64 years of age
D) Adults older than 65 years of age

Question 58

Expenditures for dental care among the U.S. civilian population not in institutions were what percentage of total health care expenditures in 2010?

A) 2.7%
B) 6.6%
C) 13.9%
D) 27.4%

Question 59

Since its inception in 1965, which agency has functioned as the main payer of nursing home and other long-term care?

A) Medicare
B) Medicaid
C) Affordable Care Act
D) CHIP

Question 60

By 2060, minorities are expected to increase and comprise half of the U.S. population. The number of elderly Americans will double by 2050.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Question 61

The greatest gains in dental school enrollment have been an expansion in the representation of which of the following?

A) African Americans
B) Women
C) Persons with disabilities
D) People from lower socioeconomic backgrounds

Question 62

Private dental practices tend to be disproportionately concentrated in which of the following?

A) Cities
B) Suburban areas
C) Rural areas
D) Areas served by mass transit systems

Question 63

Which of the following provides one of the largest safety net systems of primary and preventive care in the United States?

A) Affordable Care Act
B) Community health centers
C) Medicare
D) Medicaid

Question 64

Which of the following is true of the demand for dental professional services?

A) The demand will continue to decrease which will result in a surplus of dentists in 2025.
B) The demand will continue to decrease which will result in a shortage of dentists in 2025.
C) The demand will continue to increase which will result in a shortage of dentists in 2025.
D) The demand will continue to increase which will result in a surplus of dentists in 2025.

Question 65

Between 1998 and 2008, the number of dental patients at community health centers increased by what percentage?

A) 8%
B) 58%
C) 108%
D) 158%

Question 66

Healthy People 2020 has provided us with:

A) data on oral health status, oral health trends, and goals for improving the oral health of the nation.
B) data on oral health status and oral health trends.
C) data on oral health status and goals for improving the oral health of the nation.
D) data on oral health trends and goals for improving the oral health of the nation.

Question 67

Which of the following is true concerning the supply of general dentists in the United States?

A) The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a 16% growth in the number of general dentists through 2018.
B) Currently, about 21% of all dentists are practitioners in general dentistry.
C) The number of general dentists in the United States started declining around the turn of the twenty-firstcentury.
D) As the number of general dentists increases, it is predicted to have a positive impact on the supply of dentists in rural areas.

Question 68

The dentist-to-population ratio has increased since the 1980s. By 2025, the ratio will be at its highest level in nearly 100 years.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Question 69

Which of the following is true concerning results of the Pew Children's Dental Campaign assessment and grading of all 50 states and the District of Columbia on whether and how well they were implementing cost-effective preventive strategies and promising policy approaches?

A) Most states had key policies in place.
B) All states met all eight benchmarks.
C) Grades dropped in six states, mostly because of the failure of Medicaid reimbursement rates not keeping pace with the growth in dental fees.
D) Twenty-two states received a merited grade of A.

Question 70

One of the major challenges facing meeting unmet oral health care needs is which of the following?

A) Inadequate state funding of public programs
B) Geographic maldistribution of dentists
C) Lack of knowledge about the scope of the disease by funders
D) Poor administration of programs at the state and federal level

Question 71

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes which of the following provisions?

A) Increases in funding for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) grants, expansion of school-based sealant programs, and expansion of access to optimally fluoridated water
B) Expansion of school-based sealant programs and expansion of access to optimally fluoridated water
C) increases in funding for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) grants and expansion of access to optimally fluoridated water
D) expansion of school-based sealant programs and expansion of access to optimally fluoridated water