Deck 7: Applied Research

Question 1

Continuous data use which of the following scales of measurement?

A) Interval and ordinal
B) Ordinal and ratio
C) Ratio and interval
D) a and c

Answer 1

a and c

Question 2

Which type of sampling prevents the possibility of selection bias by the researcher?

A) Purposive sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Systematic sampling
D) Random sampling

Answer 2

Random sampling

Question 3

Which term is used when discussing numeric characteristics of samples?

A) Calibrated
B) Statistic
C) Inferential
D) Variable

Answer 3

Statistic

Question 4

Which of the following scales of measurement is the most powerful?

A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Question 5

The first step in beginning a research study is which of the following?

A) The formulation of a hypothesis
B) The formulation of an idea
C) Gathering data
D) Testing the null hypothesis

Question 6

A normal distribution assumes that approximately what percentage of the population falls within one standard deviation (SD) of the mean?

A) 50%
B) 68%
C) 75%
D) 90%

Question 7

What is the median of the following distribution of scores-3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 7
D) 14

Question 8

A result presented as either a positive or negative relationship is the result of which statistical method?

A) Confidence
B) A normal distribution
C) Correlation
D) Median

Question 9

Interrater reliability refers to which of the following?

A) The extent that two or more raters obtain the same result when using the same instrument to measure a concept
B) The same rater making the same assessment on two or more occasions
C) Gathering data that were intended to be collected
D) a and c

Question 10

Which of the following is the most common nonparametric test?

A) T-test
B) Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
C) Chi-square test
D) Standard deviation

Question 11

Which of the following is most often used to measure interval and ratio variables?

A) Mean
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Variance

Question 12

Which of the following is most often used to display data representing interval- or ratio-scaled variables that are continuous in nature?

A) Frequency polygon
B) Histogram
C) Bar graph

Question 13

The term used to describe the average of the group is which of the following?

A) Mean
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Standard deviation

Question 14

When the confidence interval is 95%, what is the statistical probability that the observed results or differences between study and control groups are due purely to chance?

A) 100%
B) 95%
C) 5%
D) 0%

Question 15

Of the following, which term is used in regard to numeric characteristics of the population?

A) Parameter
B) Control
C) Correlation
D) Independent variable

Question 16

Systematic sampling is best described by which of the following?

A) The random selection of subjects from two or more strata of the population
B) Involves the selection of subjects by including every nth person in a list
C) Provides a sample, through personal judgment, of subjects who would be most representative of the population
D) Provides a group of individuals who are most readily available to be subjects in the study

Question 17

Which of the following is true concerning independent and dependent variables?

A) The dependent variable is controlled or manipulated by the researcher.
B) The independent variable is thought to depend on or to be caused by the dependent variable.
C) The independent variable is controlled or manipulated by the researcher and is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable.
D) a and c

Question 18

Which of the following types of sampling provides the most external validity, or the degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to settings other than the one included?

A) Stratified sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Random sampling
D) Convenience sampling

Question 19

Cancer staging for tumors is an example of which scale of measurement?

A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Question 20

Which of the following is true of the t-test?

A) The t-test is used to analyze the difference between two means.
B) The dependent t-test determines differences in the mean between two independent groups.
C) When the test is used on a single group that yields pretreatment and posttreatment scores, it is known as a t-test for independent samples.
D) a and c

Question 21

Parametric statistics work best in which of the following cases?

A) When the sample is skewed and randomized and small
B) When the sample is skewed and randomized and large
C) When the sample is adequate and randomized and continuous
D) When the sample is large and randomized and adequate

Question 22

A reputable journal is commonly affiliated with a professional group or society, a specialty group, or a reputable scientific publisher. A reputable scientific journal may be a journal that is a popular magazine or published by a commercial firm.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Question 23

One of the most commonly used nonparametric statistical tests is which of the following?

A) Chi-square test
B) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
C) Mann-Whitney U test
D) ANOVA

Question 24

During data collection, it is important to use calibrated instruments that are valid and _______________________.

A) sophisticated
B) honored
C) reliable
D) justified

Question 25

The P value indicates which of the following?

A) A range of values within which the parameters of the population have a probability of lying
B) How likely it is that the study could have come to a false scientific conclusion
C) How many subjects are needed to provide significance
D) The rejection of a null hypothesis when it is true

Question 26

The independent t-test is also known as which of the following?

A) Student's t-test
B) Two-sample t-test
C) Matched sample
D) Student's t-test and two-sample test

Question 27

Discrete data are _________________.

A) measurements made from a particular value within a defined range
B) quantitative in nature
C) qualitative in nature
D) measurements made from a particular value and defined range that are quantitative in nature

Question 28

Which of the following are foundational to evidence-based decision making (EBDM)?

A) Systematic reviews
B) Peer reviews
C) Meta-analysis
D) Systematic reviews and meta-analysis

Question 29

Another name for t-test for dependent samples is which of the following?

A) Paired samples
B) Matched samples
C) Repeated measures t-test
D) Paired samples, matched samples, and repeated measure t-tests

Question 30

A type II beta (b) error means which of the following?

A) The conclusion states that no relationship exists when one actually does.
B) The conclusion states that a relationship exists when it does not.
C) The null hypothesis is accepted but is actually false.
D) a and c

Question 31

Evaluating each contributed article for accuracy and reflection of current knowledge, relevancy of content, and issues involving appropriate scientific style and method of writing is which of the following?

A) Editorializing
B) Peer review
C) Validation
D) Assessment

Question 32

A normally acceptable P value is which of the following?

A) P < 0.99
B) P < 0.95
C) P < 0.05
D) P < 0.01

Question 33

Researchers estimate the accuracy of a sample statistic using which of the following?

A) ANOVA
B) Chi-square test
C) Confidence intervals
D) Independent t-test

Question 34

A statistical analysis would most likely be found in which of the sections of a primary research manuscript?

A) Abstract
B) Materials and methods
C) Results
D) Discussion

Question 35

The research statement which assumes that there is no statistically significant difference among the groups being studied is a __________________.

A) random sample
B) target population
C) null hypothesis
D) independent variable

Question 36

The first step in the research process is which of the following?

A) Gather data.
B) Review the literature.
C) Assess the need.
D) Determine partner opportunities.

Question 37

Which test allows for comparison among three or more sample means by analyzing interactions between and among the variances of the multiple groups?

A) Independent t-test
B) T-test for dependent samples
C) Nonparametric inferential statistics
D) Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Question 38

Which part of the primary research manuscript is usually confined to approximately 200 words and concisely defines the study's purpose, methods, materials, and results?

A) Methods
B) Materials
C) Abstract
D) Results

Question 39

The independent t-test determines which of the following?

A) Differences in the mean between two dependent groups
B) Differences in the mean between two independent groups
C) Differences in the median between two dependent groups
D) Differences in the median between two independent groups

Question 40

A Type I alpha error is which of the following?

A) When the researcher rejects the null hypothesis
B) When the researcher accepts the null hypothesis

Question 41

A perfect positive correlation is shown by ______ and a perfect negative correlation is shown by ______.

A) 100; 0
B) +1.0; 0
C) +1.0; -1.0
D) alpha, a; zeta, x

Question 42

Validation of a report should include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A) An evaluation of discussed criteria
B) The author's country of origin
C) Abstract review
D) Political stance of a journal