Deck 7: Seciton 4: the First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Social interactions are the only foundations for emotional growth.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Fearful babies invariably grow into fearful adults, as destined by their genes.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Colic is likely the result of immature digestion in infants.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Attachment develops in infancy and then wanes over time.

Question 5

Abuse has few long-term consequences for a child's emotional development.

Question 6

It has been shown that babies are often unaffected by and immune to parental stress.

Question 7

Temperament is based in biology.

Question 8

Proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining attachment behaviors have been crucial to the survival of the species.

Question 9

An 11-month-old baby is likely to display both fear of strangers and separation anxiety.

Question 10

Infants of depressed mothers are still better off staying home with their mothers than being sent to other caregiving situations.

Question 11

The difficulty in distinguishing distinct emotions in early infancy is probably due to brain immaturity.

Question 12

Baby Roland wants his bottle, but he can't reach it. He gets angry, his face turns red, and he yells loudly. His anger is a healthy response to his frustration.

Question 13

The social smile in response to another person begins to appear at about 6 weeks of age.

Question 14

Around age 1, an emerging sense of "me" and "mine" leads to a new consciousness of others.

Question 15

At age 5, Samantha still exhibits very strong separation anxiety whenever her mother leaves her anywhere. Samantha's behavior is evidence of sound emotional health.

Question 16

When a father makes a silly face and his infant widens her eyes in surprise, there is evidence of synchrony.

Question 17

Parents in North America are more likely to encourage their children to feel humility and shame than parents in Asia.

Question 18

Infants as young as 6 months of age seem capable of expressing anger.

Question 19

A securely attached infant is unlikely to explore an unfamiliar environment when his or her mother is present.

Question 20

The New York Longitudinal Study identifies children as belonging to one of nine categories based on their inborn temperamental traits.

Question 21

Self-recognition, as revealed by the mirror test, usually emerges at about 18 months.

Question 22

According to Freud, preventing sucking or weaning too early during infancy may have lasting effects on personality development later.

Question 23

The quality of the parent-child attachment is one component in determining the effects of nonmaternal care on children.

Question 24

In-home day care is always preferable to out-of-home day care.

Question 25

Studies show that there are no significant differences between mother-child play and father-child play with infants under 12 months of age.

Question 26

Eddie was a securely attached infant. As a preschooler, his living situation changed, so his attachment has loosened. This makes sense, because attachment status can change over time.

Question 27

The Strange Situation is a classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment.

Question 28

According to cognitive theorists, values and thoughts determine one's perspective on the world.

Question 29

Like Freud, Erikson argued that problems and conflicts that arise in early childhood could adversely affect one's adult personality.

Question 30

An insecure attachment in infancy means that the child is destined for lifelong problems with relationships.

Question 31

Madison's mother warmly greeted an old friend in the grocery store. After observing her mother, Madison smiled, too. Madison engaged in social referencing to guide her own reaction to her mother's friend.

Question 32

Social learning is achieved by observing others.

Question 33

Mothers are better than fathers at reading their infants' emotions and responding with synchrony.

Question 34

According to the results of cross-cultural research, distal parenting often results in toddlers who are self-aware but less obedient than those whose parents engage in proximal parenting.