Deck 7: Seciton 2: the First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

The _____ experiments are used to test the importance of synchrony in normal development.

Answer 1

still-face

Question 2

Most developmentalists agree that the anterior cingulate gyrus is the part of the brain's _____ that is directly connected to emotional self-regulation.

Answer 2

cortex

Question 3

The biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that remains stable across time and situations is what psychologists call _____.

Answer 3

temperament

Question 4

The term for the patterned "waltz" of mutual exchange between parent and infant is _____.

Question 5

A 12-month-old girl who shows no distress at her mother's departure and is also indifferent to her return is probably displaying _____ attachment.

Question 6

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, an infant with colic would probably be classified as _____.

Question 7

One-year-old Jacob follows his mother when she moves about the house and tries to climb up her legs when she is sitting in a chair. He is exhibiting his attachment to her through _____ behavior.

Question 8

An infant's fear of being left alone by a parent or other caregiver is called _____.

Question 9

In their study of "temperamental individuality," New York Longitudinal Study researchers found that infants can be characterized as easy, difficult, hard-to-classify, or _____.

Question 10

The _____ is the classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment by evoking an infant's reaction to stress.

Question 11

Baby Jordan first met her grandmother when she was just days old. Their second meeting was at Jordan's first birthday party. However, Jordan wanted nothing to do with her grandmother, whose feelings were deeply hurt. Jordan's behavior may be explained by _____.

Question 12

The infant's smile that appears whenever mother peeks over the side of the crib and makes a funny face is called a(n) _____ smile.

Question 13

The temperamental traits that are most likely to change and resolve themselves by the age of 4 are inhibition and _____.

Question 14

Attachment begins to form in early life, usually solidifying by the age of _____.

Question 15

An infant who cries when an unknown person approaches is displaying _____.

Question 16

Children's realization that they are separate persons with minds, bodies, and behaviors separate from those around them is called _____.

Question 17

The "proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors of the 12-month-old infant are evidenced by the affectionate tie that Ainsworth called _____.

Question 18

The part of the brain known as the _____ is affected by chronic early stress; as a result, the brain may develop more slowly in a stressed infant than in a non-stressed infant.

Question 19

A 12-month-old boy who clings anxiously to his mother and cries loudly every time the mother moves toward the door is probably demonstrating _____ attachment.

Question 20

The child who first hits her mother, then kisses her with a blank expression, would be classified as displaying _____ attachment.

Question 21

Holly wants her daughter to grow up to be self-reliant and independent. She uses _____ parenting practices to accomplish this goal.

Question 22

The two choices of infant day care described in the text are formal day care and _____ care.

Question 23

According to Erikson, the central crisis of toddlerhood is _____ versus shame and doubt.

Question 24

According to Freud, if a parent is too strict with toilet training, it can result in a child who is fixated in the _____ stage.

Question 25

Later theorists in the behaviorist tradition included the role of _____ learning in explaining how personality traits form.

Question 26

According to cognitive theory, the set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences is called a _____ model.

Question 27

In a cross-cultural study examining child-rearing practices, it was demonstrated that toddlers with _____ mothers were more obedient but less self-aware than toddlers with distal mothers.

Question 28

When infants watch other people for emotional cues in uncertain situations, they are engaging in _____.

Question 29

Research on the roles of fathers and mothers in infant care reveals that they cooperate and complement each other in a well-functioning family; however, mothers tend to be the usual _____.

Question 30

When a baby discovers that her world is a fairly predictable place in which her needs are met by a responsive caregiver, Erikson would say she has resolved the crisis of ______ versus mistrust.

Question 31

Psychologists from the _____ school of thought believe that a child's personality is "created" or largely determined by his or her parents.

Question 32

Research on the developmental progression of adopted Romanian infants reveals that early _____, not genetics, was the most likely cause of their later problems.

Question 33

One element of day care that researchers agree is extremely important is the _____ of the day care setting.

Question 34

_____ tend to engage their infants in more active play than the infant's other parent does.