Deck 4: Seciton 3: Beginnings: Parental Development and Birth

Question 1

As part of embryonic development, the neural tube will become the _____.

A) reproductive organs
B) intestinal tract
C) backbone, legs, and arms
D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Jenny just learned that she is 6 weeks pregnant. She is in the _____ period of prenatal development.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) second

Answer 2

B

Question 3

By the end of the ____prenatal month, sex organs develop and are soon visible via ultrasound.

A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth

Answer 3

B

Question 4

At the onset of the embryonic period, the _____ appears. It will eventually become the neural tube.

A) stem cells
B) spinal cord
C) primitive streak
D) placenta

Question 5

Johnny's mom is four months pregnant. Johnny is anxious for the new baby and asks, "How many more months until I'm a big brother?" His mother says he has to wait about _____ more months.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 6

The longest period of prenatal development is the _____ period.

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) proximodistal
D) germinal

Question 7

The head begins to take shape in the _____ week after conception.

A) fourth
B) fifth
C) sixth
D) seventh

Question 8

Cindy is doing a presentation on prenatal development and wants to present the three main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth. Cindy's presentation uses the following order:

A) embryonic, germinal, and fetal
B) fetal, embryonic, and germinal
C) germinal, embryonic, and fetal
D) germinal, fetal, and embryonic

Question 9

The third period of gestation is the _____ period.

A) zygotic
B) embryonic
C) germinal
D) fetal

Question 10

Many obstetricians date the onset of pregnancy from the date of _____.

A) conception
B) the woman's last menstrual period
C) implantation
D) when the woman had intercourse

Question 11

Prenatally, development happens in a "near-to-far" pattern known as _____.

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 12

During the germinal period, the first task of the zygote's outer cells is _____.

A) differentiation
B) duplication
C) germination
D) implantation

Question 13

During the germinal period of prenatal development, some cells become part of the brain, some become part of the leg, and some become part of the stomach, etc. The term for this process is _____.

A) duplication
B) division
C) differentiation
D) specialization

Question 14

A pregnant woman is having an ultrasound done eight weeks into prenatal development. She is surprised by the size of the embryo's head when she sees the image on the screen. The doctor reassures her that this is typical and due to the _____ pattern of development.

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 15

What happens to the brain during the fetal period of development?

A) It goes through a process of regeneration.
B) Synapses decrease in number.
C) It increases in size.
D) The number of neurons decreases.

Question 16

The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn _____.

A) might survive outside the uterus
B) begins to move
C) will be born without defects
D) has developed all its major organs

Question 17

The germinal period ends approximately _____ after conception.

A) 2 days
B) 3 months
C) 2 weeks
D) 12 weeks

Question 18

About _____ percent of natural conceptions never implant.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75

Question 19

About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a protective circle, or shell, that will become the _____.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) vernix
D) infant

Question 20

In the fourth week after conception, a miniscule blood vessel that will become the _____ begins to pulsate.

A) lungs
B) stomach
C) kidneys
D) heart

Question 21

In the third stage of labor, the _____.

A) cervix begins to dilate
B) baby's head moves into the birth canal
C) mother experiences intense contractions
D) placenta is delivered

Question 22

Epidurals, often used in hospital births to manage pain during childbirth, have been shown to _____.

A) help prevent unnecessary c-sections
B) encourage breast-feeding from the beginning
C) decrease the newborn's readiness to suck
D) induce labor

Question 23

On average, fetuses gain about _____ pounds during the last trimester of pregnancy, which brings the average birth weight to about 7.5 pounds.

A) 1.5
B) 2.5
C) 4.5
D) 6.5

Question 24

The birth process depends on all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) customs of the culture
B) position and size of the fetus
C) parents' preparation
D) parents' genetic heritage

Question 25

A baby is assessed at one minute after birth according to the Apgar scale. Three of the five vital signs are good, but the baby is weak and inactive and grimaces. The two vital signs the medical team is concerned about are _____.

A) muscle tone and heartbeat
B) respiratory effect and color
C) muscle tone and reflex irritability
D) reflex irritability and respiratory effect

Question 26

Holly was two weeks over her due date. The doctor decided it was best for Holly to _____ labor due to the increasing size of the fetus.

A) postpone
B) induce
C) skip over
D) decrease

Question 27

The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to _____.

A) evaluate the newborn's sensory abilities
B) evaluate the health of the new mother
C) help the mother recover from childbirth
D) evaluate the health of the newborn

Question 28

In a first birth, the average length of active labor is _____.

A) several days
B) about 12 hours
C) about 8 hours
D) a few minutes

Question 29

When healthy babies are born, they usually _____.

A) do not breathe on their own until the umbilical cord is cut
B) do not cry until the umbilical cord is cut
C) breathe and cry on their own immediately
D) breathe on their own, and cry when the umbilical cord is cut

Question 30

In the United States, more than _____ of births occur via c-section.

A) 1/3
B) 1/2
C) 2/3
D) 3/4

Question 31

Each of the following is usually done immediately after birth EXCEPT the _____.

A) mucus in a baby's throat is removed
B) baby is weighed and examined
C) umbilical cord is cut
D) baby is assessed for eye color

Question 32

At around 38 weeks after conception, the _____ starts the sequence of events that prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor.

A) fetal brain
B) maternal brain
C) placenta
D) germinal period

Question 33

Which of the following is TRUE about rates for c-sections and epidurals?

A) They have been relatively steady over the past three decades.
B) They are the same in the United States as in most other developed nations.
C) They vary by doctor, hospital, and even day of the week.
D) They are higher for births attended by midwives.

Question 34

Labor that is started, speeded, or strengthened with a drug is referred to as _____.

A) a home birth
B) induced labor
C) a cesarean section
D) an epidural

Question 35

A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, is also referred to as a(n) _____.

A) epidural
B) cesarean section
C) induced labor
D) doula

Question 36

Henry was just given the five-minute Apgar and his score was 4. This means Henry is _____.

A) experiencing good health
B) a slow-to-warm-up infant
C) in need of emergency medical attention
D) in average health

Question 37

The critical factor in attaining the age of viability is _____.

A) weighing at least 5 pounds (2.3 kg)
B) having adequate brain development
C) having functioning digestive and respiratory systems
D) surviving at least 28 weeks past conception

Question 38

Compared to vaginal births, c-section births _____.

A) are less expensive
B) increase the risk of complications after birth
C) usually take longer
D) are less safe for the baby

Question 39

Currently in the United States, newborn mortality is about _____.

A) 1 in 100
B) 1 in 150
C) 1 in 200
D) 1 in 250

Question 40

Harry was a preterm newborn who was born after 26 weeks of prenatal development. He now is a healthy, happy 2-year-old. Harry's ability to survive after being born so early was due in part to his reaching the _____.

A) term of postnatal development
B) germinal period
C) neurogenesis point
D) age of viability

Question 41

Some teratogens have a threshold effect, which means that they are _____.

A) harmful no matter what the level of exposure
B) rarely harmful
C) harmless until exposure reaches a certain level
D) always harmless

Question 42

The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are _____ for body formation, but health during the entire fetal period affects the _____.

A) sensitive; heart
B) critical; brain
C) sensitive; brain
D) critical; heart

Question 43

Chantal and Larry are considering having a baby. Chantal's doctor recommends that they stop using recreational drugs and update their immunizations _____.

A) before Chantal gets pregnant
B) as soon as Chantal knows she is pregnant
C) anytime during the first trimester of pregnancy
D) as soon as the baby is born

Question 44

Rita is one month pregnant and consults with her doctor about the different categories of teratogens. The doctor tells her that all of the following are categories of teratogens EXCEPT _____.

A) drugs
B) pollutants
C) the media
D) viruses

Question 45

Early prenatal care can help decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities; however, it CANNOT provide pregnant women with information about _____.

A) substances to avoid
B) proper nutrition
C) exact thresholds for teratogens
D) treatments for preexisting conditions

Question 46

All of the following factors influence the effects of teratogens EXCEPT for _____.

A) timing of the teratogen
B) awareness of the parent
C) genes of the embryo/fetus
D) dose and/or frequency of teratogen

Question 47

Alice is pregnant and wants to ensure that she does everything she can to prevent the occurrence of a neural-tube defect in her child. She makes sure that she has the proper amount of _____ in her diet.

A) vitamin D
B) zinc
C) folic acid
D) vitamin K

Question 48

With respect to prenatal development, teratogens _____.

A) increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
B) decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities
C) always cause prenatal abnormalities
D) do not cause prenatal abnormalities

Question 49

Jill is 5 years old. She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning disabilities. Her doctor suggests that Jill's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to _____, though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.

A) chromosomal abnormalities
B) genetic abnormalities
C) cell differentiation
D) behavioral teratogens

Question 50

Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning, are called _____.

A) chromosomal abnormalities
B) genetic mutations
C) cell differentiation
D) behavioral teratogens

Question 51

Tina went into labor at her home. Joan arrived soon after and began to time her contractions and give gentle massages. She assisted Tina and her partner when it was time to leave for the hospital and accompanied them through the birth process. Joan was Tina's _____.

A) postpartum nurse
B) doctor
C) couvade
D) doula

Question 52

Thresholds, as they relate to harm from any teratogen, are difficult to set because one teratogen may _____ the threshold of another teratogen.

A) reduce
B) increase
C) cancel
D) improve

Question 53

An alternative to giving birth in a hospital is to arrange to give birth at home. In the United States, less than _____ of births occur at home.

A) 1 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 15 percent

Question 54

A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for _____.

A) prenatal abnormalities
B) damage to the placenta
C) extra chromosomes
D) male infertility

Question 55

A person who supports a mother through the birth process from early labor at home through delivery at home or in a hospital is called a _____.

A) humanitarian
B) doctor
C) postpartum nurse
D) doula

Question 56

Low folic acid during pregnancy can result in _____.

A) heart defects
B) lung defects
C) limb deformities
D) neural-tube defects

Question 57

Most births in the United States take place in _____.

A) birthing centers
B) hospital labor rooms
C) homes
D) pools of water

Question 58

Research indicates that _____ can benefit from a doula-assisted birth.

A) low-income women
B) married women
C) mothers of multiples
D) all women

Question 59

Mandy is pregnant yet she still has four alcoholic drinks each day. Her baby may be at increased risk for the development of _____.

A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) fetal anoxia syndrome
C) fetal alcohol situation
D) functional alcohol syndrome

Question 60

A woman carrying dizygotic twins drinks alcohol. The twins' blood alcohol levels are equal, yet one twin may be more severely affected than the other because their alleles for the enzyme that metabolizes alcohol differ. This is evidence that the _____ influence the effects of teratogens.

A) kinds of substance
B) genes of the parent
C) genes of the embryo/fetus
D) doses of teratogen

Question 61

Statistically, which woman is MOST apt to have a baby with low birthweight?

A) Ashley, who is 27 years old and middle-class SES
B) Jody, who has been diagnosed with diabetes
C) Kate, who regularly misses meals
D) Delfina, who is a Hispanic immigrant

Question 62

Babies born slightly under 2,500 grams are considered _____.

A) low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
D) ultra low birthweight

Question 63

Cigarette smoking is implicated in _____ percent of all low-birthweight births worldwide.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 64

With respect to test results, a false negative is the result of a laboratory test that reports something as _____.

A) true when in fact it is not true
B) false when in fact it is not false
C) true when in fact it is true
D) false when in fact it is false

Question 65

Birth complications are likely EXCEPT when _____.

A) a baby is preterm
B) a mother is over age 40
C) a baby has a genetic abnormality
D) a mother is unmarried

Question 66

Bruno and Juliana moved to the United States from Mexico two years ago and just had their first baby. Although Bruno and Juliana's SES is lower than their native-born peers, their baby was born at a healthy weight, due in part to the support of their social network. This phenomenon is called the _____.

A) immigrant paradox
B) Hispanic paradox
C) native-born paradox
D) SES paradox

Question 67

Genetic counseling may be most useful to parents at which of the following stages?

A) before becoming pregnant
B) during the last month of pregnancy
C) during delivery
D) after the birth of a special needs child

Question 68

Adults who were low-birthweight babies have higher rates of _____.

A) diabetes
B) malnutrition
C) normal-range weight
D) obesity

Question 69

A baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since conception is referred to as _____.

A) preterm
B) premature
C) low birthweight
D) small for gestational age

Question 70

In the United States, which is NOT a potential reason for the rise in the frequency of low-birthweight babies?

A) food insecurity
B) drug use
C) cigarette use
D) genetic factors

Question 71

Pregnant women should _____.

A) rely on self-education for information about pregnancy
B) never trust their doctors' advice and treatment recommendations
C) consider their doctors' advice and treatment recommendations and engage in some self-education about pregnancy
D) avoid prenatal care in the early months of pregnancy

Question 72

A common reason that couples do not seek genetic counseling is that _____.

A) they have never been exposed to teratogens
B) they already eat a well-balanced diet
C) their pregnancy is unplanned
D) they are well over the age of 35

Question 73

Sammy is 5 years old and spends his day in a wheelchair, assisted by an aid. Sammy can't control any of his muscles due to brain damage, but he is extremely intelligent. Sammy's condition has been evident since birth. Sammy has _____.

A) anoxia
B) cerebral palsy
C) Huntington disease
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 74

Babies born under 1,000 grams (2 pounds 3 ounces) are considered _____.

A) low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
D) ultra low birthweight

Question 75

A baby born three or more weeks early is called _____.

A) premature
B) preterm
C) low birthweight
D) small for gestational age

Question 76

Which is NOT a possible consequence of low birthweight?

A) infant death (within the first year of life)
B) delayed walking
C) hearing impairment
D) speech impediment

Question 77

When it comes to the research on prenatal development and teratogens, scientists _____.

A) always agree on the interpretation of research
B) can disagree on the interpretation of research
C) have not yet started to analyze the data
D) tend to disagree with doctors

Question 78

Gabby received good quality prenatal care from the care team at her local hospital. She was informed about what to eat and what to do. They also coached her on what to _____, such as cigarette smoking and very high stress.

A) avoid
B) seek out
C) experience
D) continue

Question 79

Babies born slightly under 1,500 grams (3 pounds 5 ounces) are considered _____.

A) low birthweight
B) very low birthweight
C) extremely low birthweight
D) ultra low birthweight

Question 80

The frequency of low birthweight in the United States _____ throughout most of the twentieth century, and then _____ in the 1990s and early 2000s.

A) decreased; increased
B) increased; decreased
C) decreased; remained stable
D) increased; remained stable