Deck 25: Seciton 3: Late Adulthood: Psychosocial

Question 1

A study by Brassen et al (2012) indicated that the brains, bodies, and behaviors of adults diagnosed with _____ were more like those of younger adults; they did not age in the appropriate way.

A) the positivity effect
B) compulsive hoarding
C) late-life depression
D) disengagement

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Theories that describe the ways in which societies place people on a particular life path are called _____.

A) self theories
B) stratification theories
C) continuity theories
D) activity theories

Answer 2

B

Question 3

_____ theories claim that social forces limit individual choice and direct life, especially in late adulthood.

A) Dynamic
B) Self
C) Stratification
D) Stage

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Erikson, integrity versus despair is the focus of _____.

A) adolescence
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 5

Marge was asked to select a cherished object from her life. She chose a small tarnished picture frame with a photo of her with her mother, taken when she was a girl. Her selection demonstrates her attempt to _____.

A) portray her object as a valued antique
B) be young again
C) hold on to her identity
D) be more like her mother

Question 6

The idea that opportunities and roles are determined based on age is referred to as _____.

A) stratification by age
B) selective optimization
C) self-actualization
D) social stagnation

Question 7

The most controversial version of social stratification theory is _____, in part because it can be used to justify ageism and social isolation.

A) compensation
B) disengagement
C) optimization
D) activity

Question 8

Self theories emphasize _____.

A) social forces
B) levels of discrimination
C) perceptions of self
D) circumscribed opportunities

Question 9

In older adults, a positive world view _____.

A) correlates with less well-being
B) correlates with believing that life is meaningful
C) is associated with increased family conflict
D) is associated with increased responsiveness to regretful events

Question 10

The theory that is contrary to disengagement theory is _____ theory.

A) epigenetic
B) identity
C) activity
D) feminist

Question 11

Which of the following statements about selective optimization with compensation is TRUE?

A) With it, older adults decide how to accomplish something despite their limitations.
B) Older adults who use it have poor self-efficacy.
C) It was first emphasized by Freud and Erikson.
D) It assumes that older adults must find new hobbies given their increasing challenges.

Question 12

Age, gender, ethnicity, and income are the four major categories of _____; as such, they can limit choice at every stage of life.

A) cognitive development
B) socioeconomic status
C) self theories
D) stratification

Question 13

The view that elderly people need to remain active in a variety of social spheres is called _____.

A) stratification theories
B) positivity effect
C) activity theory
D) disengagement theories

Question 14

Yvette looks back at her life with pride, even though some aspects of her personal history include errors on her part. Yvette is in the stage that Erikson called _____.

A) generativity versus stagnation
B) optimization versus compensation
C) activity versus disengagement
D) integrity versus despair

Question 15

Erikson called the final crisis of development _____.

A) optimization versus compensation
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) integrity versus despair
D) activity versus disengagement

Question 16

According to Erikson, each new experience throughout life requires _____.

A) both assimilation and accommodation
B) a reassessment of identity
C) selective optimization
D) stratification

Question 17

As he ages, a professional musician begins to limit his repertoire, to practice more before concerts, and to change the way he sits when he plays. He is _____.

A) giving in to the despair of the last stage of the life cycle
B) using selective optimization with compensation
C) becoming less ambitious and creative
D) showing the early signs of Alzheimer disease

Question 18

A man who is almost 65 years old withdraws from his connections with younger people and his coworkers stop asking him for help. Which theory says this behavior is a natural part of aging?

A) continuity
B) self-actualization
C) selective optimization
D) disengagement

Question 19

Lloyd has retired from his career as a city administrator, disengaging from his work life. In a case like this, disengagement in one area of life _____.

A) means that Lloyd will certainly disengage from all other areas of life, too
B) does not necessarily mean that Lloyd will disengage from other areas of life
C) proves that disengagement theory is more accurate than activity theory
D) is the start of Lloyd's decline

Question 20

Martha has accumulated such large piles of old papers and magazines that she can no longer use her table or desk, and she has held on to so much old furniture and clothing that many rooms in her home cannot be entered. In her attempts to hang on to various material items from her life, Martha developed _____.

A) a positivity effect
B) a good strategy for aging in place
C) universal design
D) compulsive hoarding

Question 21

All of the following workers are quite likely to remain in the paid labor force after age 60 EXCEPT _____.

A) an English professor
B) a unionized mechanic at a local factory
C) an independently employed cleaning lady
D) a judge in a state court

Question 22

Older adults who work part time or become self-employed tend to be _____ than those who work full time or quit completely.

A) happier
B) more depressed
C) more stressed
D) sicker

Question 23

The fact that Maine, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia follow Florida as the states with the highest proportion of residents over age 65 illustrates that _____.

A) most elderly people want to retire to warmer environments
B) only a few states have an adequate number of planned retirement communities
C) most people prefer to age where they have always lived
D) the old tend to congregate in a few parts of the country

Question 24

In the U.S., elderly Hispanics seem to have a _____ advantage over elderly non-Hispanics.

A) longevity
B) income
C) health care
D) education

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of typical elder volunteers?

A) strong commitment to the community
B) many social contacts
C) married to a volunteer
D) poor health

Question 26

The crucial stratification variable in the well-being of the elderly is _____, which causes a lifetime of stresses including less education, less health care, and accumulating disadvantages of many kinds.

A) the age of retirement
B) low income
C) age
D) family size

Question 27

When older Americans move, they are most likely to move _____.

A) not far from their old residence
B) to a warm climate
C) to the town where they were born
D) to the countryside, where it is quiet and where there is less crime

Question 28

Marietta babysits two days a week for her school-age grandchildren, and regularly gives her neighbor, who can no longer drive, a ride to the grocery store and doctor appointments. She also frequently sends small amounts of money to her daughter, who has just returned to college. Which of the following statements about Marietta's activities is NOT true?

A) These informal activities are not measured in statistics about the volunteer work of the elderly.
B) Many elderly people provide this kind of informal volunteer assistance to others.
C) This work, like all volunteer work, is likely to increase Marietta's well-being.
D) Marietta would be better off volunteering with an organization, as to really help others, she needs more structure to her activities.

Question 29

Xavier had strong social connections and community ties throughout his adult life, and mentored many individuals while in his career as a business manager. He was also an active volunteer in his community. Now that he is retired, Xavier will most likely _____.

A) become socially isolated as he disengages from his work
B) become an active volunteer or find other ways to remain socially engaged
C) actually return to work because his professional life is his sole source of identity
D) experience rapidly declining health and well-being as he becomes more and more isolated

Question 30

Gender-stratification theory recognizes that men and women are pushed into certain roles because of their sex, roles that may ultimately _____.

A) limit women but not men
B) harm them in late adulthood
C) keep society intact
D) make them better spouses

Question 31

The increased allostatic load that African Americans may experience as a result of years of stress related to discrimination is referred to as _____.

A) self theory
B) weathering
C) disengagement
D) integrity

Question 32

Typically, who does more housework after retirement than before?

A) men
B) women
C) hired caregivers
D) both men and women

Question 33

Claire and Dennis have lived in the same house for over 40 years. They reared their children there and were actively involved in the neighborhood. As they age, their children want them to move to a nearby small apartment. Like many other older adults, Claire and Dennis _____.

A) look forward to moving to a new home
B) prefer to age in place
C) are divided on the decision, as women in general prefer to move during retirement
D) would actually prefer to head to a warmer climate than stay local

Question 34

When many adults who moved into a neighborhood decades earlier never leave the area, the result is _____.

A) assisted living
B) an empty nest
C) a universal design
D) a naturally occurring retirement community

Question 35

Which state has the highest proportion of people over the age of 65?

A) Florida
B) California
C) Arizona
D) Maine

Question 36

Which of the following statements about older people and religion is TRUE?

A) Religious institutions promote caring relationships.
B) Belief in the afterlife may explain the high numbers of suicide among African American women.
C) Faith decreases with age and experience.
D) Religious identity is never as significant as ethnic identity in the lives of older adults.

Question 37

Older immigrants tend to be _____.

A) happy and financially stable due to retirement savings
B) well integrated into extended family life, as is the norm in the United States
C) isolated but provided for by social welfare programs
D) lonely and poor, without a U.S. work history or the benefit of extended family life to support them

Question 38

What proportion of adults over the age of 65 volunteer in formal settings?

A) one-half
B) one-fourth
C) three-fourths
D) one-third

Question 39

Generally, where do the elderly prefer to live?

A) in a planned retirement community
B) with their children or other relatives
C) in their own homes
D) in nursing homes

Question 40

Religious involvement correlates with _____ because it promotes social relationships and healthy habits.

A) higher levels of stress
B) better health
C) more wealth
D) earlier death

Question 41

A family of many generations but with only a few members of each generation is called a _____ family.

A) beanpole
B) nuclear
C) stratified
D) collective

Question 42

One crucial factor in the success of long-term marriages is _____.

A) a sense of agreement on everything
B) a strong sense of shared experiences
C) a more active sex life
D) the trend toward living apart together

Question 43

Compared to single older adults, elderly spouses tend to be _____.

A) happier and wealthier
B) happier but poorer
C) poorer and less happy
D) wealthier but less happy

Question 44

Brad has added a room to his house in anticipation of his elderly parents moving in with him. As their oldest son, he feels obligated to provide care for them out of a sense of _____.

A) filial responsibility
B) family ethics
C) guilt
D) surrogate parenting

Question 45

About one in every _____ long-term marriages is not satisfying to at least one person in the couple.

A) 10
B) 6
C) 2
D) 4

Question 46

Ed and Janet have been married for 60 years. When asked to share their secret to a long marriage, Ed replied _____.

A) "We spend ample time apart"
B) "We have learned how to disagree"
C) "She depends on me for money"
D) "We each have our own friends instead of a combined social circle"

Question 47

The term "social convoy" refers to the truism that _____.

A) he who travels fastest travels alone
B) it is not healthy to spend time alone
C) we travel through life in the company of others
D) we need a strong leader in times of conflict

Question 48

Religious faith is associated with improved psychological health in old age because of _____.

A) the belief that one's particular faith or ethnicity is superior to that of others
B) beliefs that give meaning for life and death
C) a focus on pleasure and immediate needs
D) the regular attendance of religious services

Question 49

Most studies of marriages of long duration find that compared to younger adults, the elderly are _____.

A) more open to the possibility of divorcing
B) happier in their marriages
C) no longer interested in sexual interaction
D) more likely to dwell on areas of disagreement

Question 50

What percentage of older adults volunteer in political campaigns?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5

Question 51

Elderly people's relationships with members of younger generations _____.

A) are usually positive but can also include tension and conflict
B) are usually negative but can also have some aspects that are mutually beneficial
C) do not have a significant impact on their life and happiness
D) are usually good with those much younger, such as grandchildren, but strained with those just one generation removed

Question 52

Grandparents who are active in the daily lives of their grandchildren are said to be _____ grandparents.

A) companionate
B) surrogate
C) distant
D) involved

Question 53

In what way are older Americans the LEAST politically active?

A) voting
B) writing letters to elected officials
C) staying informed on current events
D) volunteering on political campaigns

Question 54

In parent and adult child relationships, _____ feel stronger affection toward their parents.

A) daughters
B) sons
C) those who live physically close together
D) those who are emotionally close

Question 55

Who is most likely to be the healthiest and happiest at age 70?

A) Jan, who never married and lives alone
B) Annette, who lives with her husband of 40 years
C) Carly, who has been a widow for 14 years and did not remarry
D) Susan, who has been divorced for 23 years and lives with her daughter

Question 56

Jonah and Abigail have been married for 50 years. Jonah is healthy and active, and through his life's work as the owner of a business-work he deeply loved-he saved well for retirement. Based on this, which of the following is most likely TRUE?

A) Abigail has a high level of well-being because her partner has a high level of well-being.
B) Abigail's well-being is certainly far less than that of her partner.
C) Jonah would be wealthier if he were not partnered.
D) Jonah and Abigail probably have an unhappy partnership.

Question 57

Grandparents who are emotionally distant but who are honored, respected, and obeyed by grandchildren are considered to have which of the following grandparenting styles?

A) remote
B) involved
C) surrogate
D) companionate

Question 58

With regard to elections and public policy debates, the elderly tend _____.

A) to always vote in support of their economic interests
B) to uniformly support the candidate or measure endorsed by AARP
C) to be divided
D) to look to their adult children for guidance

Question 59

When it comes to intergenerational relationships, conflict is more likely in _____ relationships than in distant ones.

A) married
B) long-lasting
C) newly formed
D) emotionally close

Question 60

By age 65, what percentage of adults are grandparents?

A) 75
B) 80
C) 85
D) 90

Question 61

ADLs are _____.

A) aged developmental limitations
B) activities of daily life
C) Alzheimer disease lessons
D) associations for disabled living

Question 62

In the U.S., which of the following is one of the IADLs?

A) eating
B) toileting
C) preparing income tax forms
D) growing vegetables in a garden

Question 63

Which of the following responses to weakening leg muscles in an older person is the best response in terms of maintaining self-efficacy?

A) using a walker and minimizing movement decrease risks
B) beginning a strength-training regimen
C) continuing with daily life without change
D) moving to an assisted-living facility

Question 64

The difference between ADLs and IADLs is that _____.

A) ADLs are simple enough that even the frail elderly can do them independently
B) IADLs are the same across cultures
C) ADLs require professional training
D) IADLs require some intellectual competence

Question 65

Which of the following is one of the ADLs?

A) bathing
B) shopping
C) paying bills
D) preparing a family meal

Question 66

Companionate grandparents are _____.

A) emotionally distant elders
B) actively involved in the day-to-day lives of their grandchildren
C) happy to be independent of the daily demands of child rearing
D) least likely to be close to their adult children

Question 67

About one-third of older people will be frail for _____ before they die.

A) the final month
B) at least a year
C) approximately a decade
D) the last 20 years

Question 68

_____, in which grandparents provide for grandchildren because the parents have been judged neglectful or abusive, works as well as other comparable arrangements for the children but can be difficult for grandparents in a wide variety of ways.

A) Kinship foster care
B) Companionate grandparenting
C) Volunteer caregiving
D) Extended family-building

Question 69

Elderly people who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively disabled are referred to as the _____.

A) distant grandparents
B) frail elderly
C) dependent old
D) isolated elderly

Question 70

Mrs. Smith lives in the same house as her grandchildren and cares for them every day. Her grandparenting is _____.

A) surrogate
B) remote
C) involved
D) companionate

Question 71

The most important buffer against the loss that comes from retirement and widowhood is having _____.

A) several grandchildren
B) at least one close friend
C) paid caregivers
D) a home of one's own

Question 72

Life satisfaction for the elderly correlates with _____.

A) work
B) companionship
C) sexual activity
D) income

Question 73

Which of the following statements about family caregivers of the frail elderly is true?

A) Daughters-in-law are often grateful that they can reciprocate for the nurturing they once received.
B) Most caregivers have no prior experience taking care of the frail elderly.
C) Caregiving is universally a depressing and unrewarding task.
D) Public agencies frequently provide services to compensate for needs the caregiver is unable to fulfill.

Question 74

Mildred and Louis are respected and obeyed by their grandchildren, who they see on holidays a few times a year. They would be described as _____ grandparents.

A) involved
B) companionate
C) remote
D) surrogate

Question 75

The responsibility for preventing frailty among the elderly in a society falls to _____.

A) adult children of aging parents
B) governments, families, and individuals
C) the youngest generation and public policy officials
D) medical professionals

Question 76

What percentage of those over the age of 75 in the United States has never married?

A) 12
B) 10
C) 4
D) 2

Question 77

Laniya's three grandchildren live with her because their mother is in jail. The term for the family structure that best describes the household of Laniya and her grandchildren is _____.

A) nuclear
B) skipped generation
C) adoptive
D) extended family

Question 78

Research indicates that having a partner and children is _____.

A) essential for happiness in late adulthood
B) not essential for happiness in late adulthood
C) more common with each generation
D) likely to increase one's allostatic load

Question 79

Today, most never-married older adults are _____.

A) pitied or ridiculed
B) still seeking a mate
C) unlikely to have a mate or partner of any kind
D) about as happy as people in long-term marriages

Question 80

The style of grandparenting that is the most common in the United States is the _____ style.

A) involved
B) companionate
C) remote
D) traditional