Deck 18: Seciton 4: Emerging Adulthood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Children are more likely than adults to imagine several solutions for every problem and then to take care in selecting the best one.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Many developmentalists now believe there is actually a fourth stage of cognitive development called postformal thought.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

One of the practical skills of postformal thinking is the ability to combine subjective and objective thought.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The characteristics of postformal thought (practical, flexible, dialectical) are evident as the brain matures.

Question 5

The stage approach to cognitive development analyzes intelligence via IQ tests and other measures.

Question 6

A hallmark of postformal cognition is intellectual flexibility, a characteristic far more typical of middle-aged adults than of younger people.

Question 7

Cognitive flexibility is said to be the most advanced cognitive process.

Question 8

Dialectical thinking involves the constant integration of beliefs and experiences with all the contradictions and inconsistencies of daily life.

Question 9

The older an individual is, the greater the likelihood that she will demonstrate delay discounting.

Question 10

The possibility of being negatively stereotyped arouses emotions that could disrupt cognition or emotional regulation.

Question 11

Cognitive flexibility, particularly the ability to change childhood assumptions, is needed to counter stereotypes.

Question 12

Individuals in their early 20s are more likely than people of any other age to abuse alcohol and other drugs. However, with personal experience and learning from others, cognitive maturity leads most adults to drink occasionally and moderately from then on.

Question 13

Young adults who believe that intelligence is plastic, not inborn, can overcome stereotype threat.

Question 14

Without being able to combine intellect and emotion, individuals may experience behavioral extremes (e.g., obesity, addiction) and cognitive extremes (e.g., believing that one is the best person on earth).

Question 15

Western as well as non-Western cultures describe adult thought as qualitatively similar to adolescent thought.

Question 16

Many American children and adults harbor some implicit bias against African Americans, detectable in their slower reaction time when mentally processing photos of African Americans as compared with photos of European Americans.

Question 17

Emerging adults consider most of life's answers to be provisional, not necessarily permanent.

Question 18

Listening to others and considering diverse opinions are signs of cognitive flexibility.

Question 19

Postformal thought is more practical as well as more creative and imaginative than earlier stages of thinking.

Question 20

Good time management is characteristic of successful, conscientious, part-time college students more than for full-time students.

Question 21

According to a dialectical thinker, romance becomes troubled because relationship partners have changed without adapting to each other.

Question 22

There is less diversity among students on college campuses today than there was in 1970.

Question 23

College education is one stimulus for young adults' shifts in moral reasoning.

Question 24

Moral values do not seem to be impacted by national background or era.

Question 25

Students who are about to graduate from college are likely to believe that there are clear and absolute truths to discover.

Question 26

Educators who agree with Vygotsky are likely to take a prescriptive, staged, practical approach to education.

Question 27

Emerging adults are more likely than older or younger people to attend religious services and to pray, even though most consider themselves less spiritual compared to when they were younger.

Question 28

The number of students in college is decreasing in every nation in the world; this phenomenon is known as massification.

Question 29

For emerging adults, moral thinking may produce moral behavior.

Question 30

Most U.S. college students attend publicly sponsored institutions.

Question 31

One reason other nations have greater massification than the United States is that in these nations college tuition is lower.

Question 32

According to current research, college students today are more concerned with getting a well-rounded education than in being able to find a good-paying job upon graduation.

Question 33

Every year of college appears to improve cognitive abilities.

Question 34

Being exposed to a diverse array of people in college likely contributes to deeper thought and intellectual challenge.

Question 35

As students progress through college they usually are more able to see multiple perspectives.

Question 36

Gilligan believes that decisions about reproduction advance moral thinking, especially for women.

Question 37

The vast majority of college students rate "becoming a more cultured person" as essential or very important to them.

Question 38

About two-thirds of U.S. students take out loans to help pay for college.

Question 39

Due to their skepticism, college graduates tend to think more narrowly and rigidly than those who did not attend college.

Question 40

Education, specific dilemmas, and culture correlate less strongly than gender with whether a person's moral judgments emphasize relationships or absolutes.

Question 41

Students from all backgrounds learn more if they involve themselves in the campus community.