Deck 10: Seciton 3: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

An angry 5-year-old girl might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed _____.

A) social referencing
B) self-esteem
C) identification
D) emotional regulation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In 1973, Lepper and colleagues conducted an experiment in which children did drawings. Some of the children were promised a reward while others received a surprise reward. The researchers found that the children who received the expected reward for drawing _____.

A) had higher levels of self-esteem
B) became adults who were artists
C) demonstrated better emotional regulation
D) were unlikely to draw independently at a later time

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to _____.

A) make friends
B) know right from wrong
C) regulate emotions
D) make choices

Answer 3

C

Question 4

_____ makes children believe that they will be good at anything they try to do.

A) Overwhelming pride
B) Protective optimism
C) Extrinsic motivation
D) Intrinsic motivation

Question 5

Two-year-old Julia repeatedly exclaims, "Me do it!" when her mother tries to help her. Although this behavior is frustrating, her mother understands that doing things independently will develop Julia's sense of _____.

A) initiative
B) trust
C) integrity
D) emotional regulation

Question 6

Jared, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. His description demonstrates his developing _____.

A) self-esteem
B) self-concept
C) self-deprecation
D) self-criticism

Question 7

"Would you rather have toast or cereal for breakfast?" Lila's mother asks, allowing Lila to have a sense of control over her breakfast. From which culture is Lila least likely to be?

A) United States
B) Canada
C) China
D) England

Question 8

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano. Jaspreet's motivation _____.

A) needs to be reinforced by her parents
B) brings her great pleasure
C) is mostly extrinsic
D) will persist through adulthood

Question 9

Which factor helps a young child to demonstrate initiative as Erikson details it in his third stage of psychosocial development?

A) neurological maturity and a longer attention span
B) a child's sense of guilt and shame
C) a decrease in the child's emotional regulation
D) apprenticeship opportunities offered by a child's parents

Question 10

Because parents so often remind their children of their positive accomplishments, it is common for children to develop _____.

A) protective optimism
B) trust
C) integrity
D) emotional regulation

Question 11

Regulation of which emotion is MOST emphasized in the United States?

A) anger
B) guilt
C) fear
D) pride

Question 12

William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate?

A) William's dad's inappropriate questioning of William's initiative
B) William's need to prove himself worthy to his father
C) William's positive self-concept
D) William's sense of shame and doubt

Question 13

A child having an imaginary friend is an example of _____.

A) self-control
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) protective optimism

Question 14

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age _____.

A) initiative versus guilt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) the preoperational stage
D) autonomy versus inferiority

Question 15

One of the benefits of children having imaginary friends is _____.

A) there is less pressure to develop friendships with real peers
B) the child will never feel lonely
C) the imaginary friend helps them to develop strategies for emotional control
D) parents can use the imaginary friend to convince their child to obey

Question 16

Because emotional regulation requires practice, maturation, and work, it is referred to as _____.

A) effortful processing
B) labor intensive
C) effortful control
D) demanding control

Question 17

"If you draw a pretty picture for me, I will give you a certificate as a reward," the researcher told Amy. After receiving her reward, Amy was given the opportunity to draw some more pictures just for fun. If Amy was like most children in the study, what was she likely to do?

A) draw several more pictures
B) draw one more picture, then stop making pictures once she realized there were no more rewards forthcoming
C) draw a picture for each researcher involved in the study as a thank you for her certificate
D) stop drawing pictures

Question 18

Charlotte spends hours at a time playing with her doll, Emma. She gives Emma a bath, dresses her, feeds her, and pretends to change her diaper. Charlotte is _____ to play with Emma.

A) extensively motivated
B) extrinsically motivated
C) intrinsically motivated
D) intensively driven

Question 19

According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal.

A) a sense of self-doubt
B) a weak self-concept
C) strong feelings of guilt
D) an unrealistic self-concept

Question 20

The desire to pursue a goal that comes from within a person is called _____.

A) extensive motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) intrinsic motivation
D) intensive drive

Question 21

Billy and Rodney are both building with construction bricks. They are sitting apart, each with his own set of bricks. What type of play is this?

A) cooperative play
B) parallel play
C) onlooker play
D) solitary play

Question 22

The clinical term for an illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as _____.

A) psychopathology
B) emotional instability
C) insanity
D) mental disturbance

Question 23

According to the text, mistreatment may make boys more vulnerable to _____ problems and girls more vulnerable to _____ problems.

A) reparative; aggressive
B) aggressive; reparative
C) externalizing; internalizing
D) internalizing; externalizing

Question 24

Emil is unlikely to throw a temper tantrum. He is most likely about _____ years old.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 8

Question 25

According to the text, people in _____ believe that preschoolers do not need instruction. As a result, their 3-year-old children spend little time engaged in structured learning activities.

A) Norway
B) Brazil
C) Kenya
D) China

Question 26

_____ are marked by excessive guilt, withdrawal, or fearfulness.

A) Extrinsic motivations
B) Intrinsic motivations
C) Internalizing problems
D) Externalizing problems

Question 27

When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of _____.

A) an internalizing problem
B) an externalizing problem
C) modulated emotional expression
D) frustration management

Question 28

Children with a parent who does not have an optimal balance between emotional expression and emotional control may be likely to _____.

A) struggle with emotional regulation
B) develop a sense of shame
C) experience high levels of pride
D) imitate their parent's mental illness

Question 29

Young children usually play best with _____.

A) their peers
B) their parents
C) older children
D) their younger siblings

Question 30

Jose is a Mexican child. His parents are most likely to encourage him to regulate his _____.

A) fear
B) anger
C) pride
D) defiance

Question 31

What is one of the functions peers provide in active play?

A) competition
B) criticism
C) reluctant cooperation
D) a quiet environment

Question 32

Which is NOT one of the types of play identified by Mildred Parten?

A) personal play
B) associative play
C) onlooker play
D) parallel play

Question 33

In a study conducted by Zahn-Waxler, et al., 5-year-old girls acted out a disagreement between two female dolls. The researchers discovered that girls who _____ were more apt to be disruptive at age 9 than other girls.

A) quickly engaged in apologetic behavior
B) did not quickly engage in apologetic behavior
C) made the dolls hit and kick each other
D) had the dolls stop speaking to each other

Question 34

Children who have peers to actively play with tend to _____.

A) fight with them
B) develop physical skills
C) get overwhelmed
D) tattle on their playmates

Question 35

A child's active play during the childhood years correlates with _____.

A) increased competitiveness
B) increased bullying
C) increased aggression
D) peer acceptance

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of an externalizing problem in emotional regulation?

A) Britton, who is fearful and withdrawn
B) Christopher, who lashes out uncontrollably
C) Sophia, who has frequent headaches or stomachaches
D) Elise, who refuses to talk to new people

Question 37

Girls usually develop emotional regulation _____ boys.

A) later than
B) at the same age as
C) earlier than
D) two years before

Question 38

Many developmentalists are concerned that modern children spend too little time _____.

A) playing alone
B) in rough-and-tumble play
C) imitating adults
D) engaged in active play

Question 39

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Parents around the world play with their children regularly.
B) The ways children play are identical around the world.
C) Children's play reflects their culture's practices and values.
D) Children in North America who engage in parallel play are developmentally delayed.

Question 40

Which is NOT a form of play engaged in by young children in all cultures?

A) imitating adults
B) drawing
C) rough-and-tumble
D) flying kites

Question 41

Authoritarian parents often _____.

A) offer their children a lot of praise
B) allow children to question their decisions
C) seem stern to their children
D) make few maturity demands on their children

Question 42

Parents who set limits, enforce rules, and listen receptively to their children are exhibiting the _____ pattern of parenting.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) democratic

Question 43

Diana Baumrind is known for her work on _____.

A) gender roles
B) types of play
C) parenting styles
D) cognitive stages

Question 44

Mia and Claire are 3-year-olds at free play in their preschool. Mia has a lacy apron tied around her head like a wedding veil, and Claire has a sheer curtain tied over her shoulders like a cape. Each is holding a wand-one is a stick with a star on the end, and the other is a long Tinker Toy stick with one wheel connector at the end. When asked what they're doing, Mia says, "We're playing fairy. We're both fairies." What kind of play are they engaging in?

A) bullying play
B) sociodramatic play
C) parallel play
D) rough-and-tumble play

Question 45

Abida is a nurturing parent and has good communication with her children, whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is _____.

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) neglectful
D) authoritarian

Question 46

The four dimensions of a parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and _____.

A) physical contact
B) expectations for maturity
C) trust
D) supportiveness

Question 47

When parents expect unquestioning obedience from their children, their parenting style is labeled _____.

A) tyrannical
B) authoritative
C) dictatorial
D) authoritarian

Question 48

Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or grabbing, but is not intended to harm, is called _____ play.

A) bullying
B) sociodramatic
C) parallel
D) rough-and-tumble

Question 49

Sociodramatic play helps children to develop _____ when they act out fear, bravery, and fury.

A) self-control
B) gender roles
C) private speech
D) emotional regulation

Question 50

When Noah's dad gets home from work, Noah runs to him shouting, "Daddy!" His dad sweeps him up in a bear hug, then gives him a gentle knuckle rub on top of his head, then lowers him to the ground in a pretend choke hold. Noah screams with delight, escapes the hold, and climbs on his dad's back to ride him like a horse. Inadvertently, Noah hurt dad while climbing, and his dad said sternly, "That really hurt. Be nice!" What kind of lesson is Noah's dad teaching him with this rough-and-tumble play bout?

A) dominance
B) gender roles
C) private speech
D) emotional regulation

Question 51

Just as monkeys do in their rough-and-tumble play, human children _____.

A) look angry
B) use a play face
C) play hide and seek
D) determine a social hierarchy

Question 52

According to the text, sociodramatic play may help children to develop _____.

A) theory of mind
B) gross motor skills
C) aggressive tendencies
D) antisocial behavior

Question 53

A parenting style characterized by high parent-to-child communication, low warmth, and high expectations of maturity is _____.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful

Question 54

Rough-and-tumble play between boys and fathers may prevent _____ at a later age.

A) development of the prefrontal cortex
B) the development of imagination
C) antisocial behavior
D) emotional regulation

Question 55

Annelle's usual bedtime is 8:30 P.M., and her parents enforce this rule. One evening, Annelle is watching an educational program that ends at 9 P.M. She asks her parents if she can stay up to watch the end of the show. Her parents agree to let her stay up as long as she gets up in time for school in the morning. Which parenting style are Annelle's parents demonstrating?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 56

Rough-and-tumble play has been associated with the development of the _____ area of the brain since it helps children to regulate their emotions, practice social skills, and strengthen their bodies.

A) hippocampus
B) frontal lobe
C) prefrontal cortex
D) brain stem

Question 57

As a father, Aahil rates low on nurturance and communication and high on maturity demands. He exhibits the _____ style of parenting.

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) neglecting

Question 58

Jose demonstrates warmth and nurturance towards his children. He does not believe in punishment of any sort and does not have any rules for his children. His parenting style is _____.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) neglecting
D) permissive

Question 59

Tiara, Molly, and Maria are playing dress-up. They are all princesses and have built a castle out of cardboard boxes and colored paper. What type of play are the three girls engaging in?

A) bullying play
B) sociodramatic play
C) parallel play
D) rough-and-tumble play

Question 60

Jack sees his friends Evan and Liam playing a quiet game of blocks. Jack wants to engage in some rough-and-tumble play, so he grabs one of the blocks and runs a few feet away, looking over his shoulder and displaying a play face. How are Evan and Liam likely to respond?

A) They will tell an adult that Jack disrupted their game.
B) They will chase Jack and play wrestle.
C) They will cry and demand their block back.
D) They will ignore Jack and continue playing with their blocks.

Question 61

Freud would say that a typical 5-year-old child is in the _____ psychoanalytic stage of development.

A) phallic
B) oral
C) genital
D) superego

Question 62

Which scenario best demonstrates the behaviorist theory regarding gender development?

A) Modair has some hostility toward his father.
B) Stelvio is a 6-year-old girl who is trying to act like her father.
C) Mack realizes that he is male and that he will always be male.
D) Christine wears a dress, and her parents tell her how pretty she looks.

Question 63

What is a criticism of Baumrind's classification of parenting styles?

A) She overlooked the fact that most authoritative parents are lax in discipline.
B) She did not realize that many permissive parents love their children.
C) She considered children's temperamental differences.
D) She focused more on parental attitudes than on daily interactions.

Question 64

To understand a child's development of gender attitudes and roles, behaviorists stress _____.

A) biological mechanisms
B) reinforcement and punishment
C) reasoning ability
D) unconscious motivations

Question 65

In Freudian theory, a little boy who develops sexual feelings toward his mother and becomes jealous of his father is experiencing _____.

A) the Electra complex
B) penis envy
C) the Oedipus complex
D) identification

Question 66

Today's children, especially those living in urban areas, spend more time _____ than playing outdoors.

A) engaged in indoor sociodramatic play
B) participating in solitary play
C) using electronic media
D) reading books

Question 67

The individual most likely to have grown up with authoritative parents is _____.

A) Kelly, who is obedient but not very happy
B) Raquel, who is happy and successful
C) Mary, who is unhappy and lacks self-control
D) Lacey, who is homeless and a drug user

Question 68

Angelica is 3 years old and says frequently that she wants to "marry daddy." According to psychoanalytic theory, this is a manifestation of _____.

A) the Oedipus complex
B) sexual abuse
C) the ego
D) the Electra complex

Question 69

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, little boys cope with the guilt of wanting to kill their fathers by _____.

A) identifying with their fathers
B) wanting to kill themselves
C) becoming angry with their fathers
D) becoming envious of their father's penis

Question 70

Which theory focuses on how children learn acceptable behaviors for their gender?

A) cognitive theory
B) behavioral theory
C) epigenetic theory
D) evolutionary theory

Question 71

A detailed 2010 study of Mexican-American mothers of preschoolers found that their parenting style was _____.

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) authoritarian
D) not identified by Baumrind

Question 72

_____ differences are biological and _____ differences are culturally prescribed.

A) Gender; sex
B) Sex; gender
C) Sibling; parental
D) Parental; sibling

Question 73

According to Freud, boys in the third psychoanalytic stage of development _____.

A) are openly angry with their fathers
B) secretly want to replace their fathers
C) disrespect their mothers
D) believe their fathers are perfect

Question 74

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the Electra complex causes girls to _____.

A) resent their father because he has a penis
B) adore their father and resent their mother
C) prefer their mother to their father
D) try to make peace when parents fight

Question 75

Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who have the _____ parenting style.

A) abusive
B) overcontrolling
C) authoritarian
D) permissive

Question 76

By the age of _____, children are convinced certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 77

A child's cognitive understanding of sex differences would be his or her _____.

A) Oedipal complex
B) Electra complex
C) superego
D) gender schema

Question 78

Freud's term for the formation of a conscience that internalizes parental morals is _____.

A) the superego
B) the ego
C) schema
D) identification

Question 79

Developmentalists who focus on children's thinking about sex roles as opposed to the children's observable behaviors are _____ theorists.

A) sociocultural
B) psychoanalytic
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 80

The individual most likely to have grown up with permissive parents is _____.

A) Richard, who is obedient but not very happy
B) George, who is happy and successful
C) Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control
D) Peter, who is a gang member and a drug user