Question 1

An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between preindustrial and industrial societies was developed by&#10;A)Ferdinand T&#246;nnies.&#10;B)Gerhard Lenski.&#10;C)Jonathan Kozol.&#10;D)William I.Thomas.

Accepted Answer

Gerhard Lenski developed the theory of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between preindustrial and industrial societies. He argued that technological progress drives social change, and that societies evolve through various stages based on their level of technology and economic organization. Tönnies, Kozol, and Thomas made significant contributions to sociology but did not develop a distinct theory of sociocultural evolution.

Question 2

Which of the following was characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?&#10;A)Families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units.&#10;B)Individuals,villages,and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent.&#10;C)Formal educational institutions developed.&#10;D)All of these answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

The emergence of industrial societies was a complex process that involved various changes, such as the transition from agrarian to industrial economies, the development of new technologies, the growth of cities and urbanization, and the rise of new social classes and economic systems. As a result, families and communities could no longer function as self-sufficient units, and individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent. Formal educational institutions also developed to meet the needs of a changing society. Therefore, all of the answers are correct.

Question 3

Which functionalist theorist views the transition from industrial to postindustrial societies as a positive development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class groups and a rise in interest groups concerned with such national issues as health,education,and the environment?

A)Everett Hughes
B)William I.Thomas
C)Daniel Bell
D)Karl Marx

C

Accepted Answer

Daniel Bell, a functionalist theorist, views the transition from industrial to postindustrial societies as a positive development because he sees the decline of organized working-class groups as a sign of the growing affluence of the middle class and a rise in interest groups concerned with national issues such as health, education, and the environment. Bell sees this as a move towards a more rational and efficient society.

Question 4

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(n)&#10;A)industrial society.&#10;B)postindustrial society.&#10;C)postmodern society.&#10;D)preindustrial society.

Accepted Answer

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is known as an industrial society. This type of society emerged in Europe and North America during the Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century. Industrial societies are characterized by the extensive use of machines, the concentration of labor in factories, and the production of goods on a large scale.

Question 5

&#201;mile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex,the nature of solidarity becomes more&#10;A)mechanical.&#10;B)organic.&#10;C)preservationist.&#10;D)institutionalized.

Accepted Answer

Durkheim argued that as society becomes more complex, the division of labor becomes more specialized, and individuals come to depend on one another for their survival. This creates a sense of interdependence and interconnectedness, which he referred to as "organic solidarity." In contrast, in simpler societies with less division of labor, individuals are more self-sufficient and have fewer dependencies, leading to "mechanical solidarity." Therefore, as society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more organic.

Question 6

In a small town in the Midwest,all of the children attend the same school and most of the community members attend the same church.Everyone in this community knows everyone else,and they have shared numerous experiences with one another.This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies with the term

A)Gesellschaft.
B)organic solidarity.
C)mechanical solidarity.
D)Gemeinschaft.

Accepted Answer

This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies with the term "Gemeinschaft," which describes a community with shared values and social ties based on personal relationships and mutual obligations. It is a more traditional and intimate form of society, as opposed to "Gesellschaft," which is characterized by more impersonal and formal relationships.

Question 7

Daniel Bell views postindustrial societies as consensual,because he believes that postindustrial societies are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health,education,and the environment working for the common good.Bell's view represents which sociological perspective?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Accepted Answer

The functionalist perspective focuses on how society is structured to maintain stability and order, and how different parts of society function together like a machine. Bell's view that postindustrial societies are consensual due to the common efforts of interest groups to address national issues fits within this perspective.

Question 8

The industrial revolution,pushing societies from agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization,first appeared when?&#10;A)1910-1940&#10;B)1870-1905&#10;C)1835-1870&#10;D)1760-1850

Accepted Answer

The industrial revolution began in England in the 1760s and spread to the rest of Europe and North America during the 19th century. This period saw the development of new machines, production methods, and technologies, which transformed agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation, creating the modern industrial economies we know today.

Question 9

In Gerhard Lenski's view,societal organization is highly dependent on its level of&#10;A)farming.&#10;B)education.&#10;C)technology.&#10;D)banking.

Accepted Answer

According to Lenski's theory of sociocultural evolution, societal organization and development are primarily determined by the level of technology. As technology advances and becomes more complex, societies become more advanced and differentiated. In contrast, farming, education, and banking are important factors that can facilitate or hinder societal development, but they are not the primary determinant of societal organization.

Question 10

Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity,innovation,and selection?&#10;A)postmodernism&#10;B)negotiated order&#10;C)industrialization&#10;D)sociocultural evolution

Accepted Answer

Sociocultural evolution refers to the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection. This concept encompasses the changes and developments in social structures, culture, and values over time, which are influenced by various factors such as technological advancements, economic systems, and cultural exchange. Industrialization and negotiated order are both important concepts in sociology, but they do not fully capture the idea of sociocultural evolution. Postmodernism, on the other hand, is a philosophical and cultural movement that emerged in the late 20th century and is characterized by skepticism towards grand narratives and a rejection of traditional norms and values. While postmodernism is related to sociocultural change, it does not fully encompass the broad scope of sociocultural evolution.

Question 11

A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(n)&#10;A)preindustrial society.&#10;B)postindustrial society.&#10;C)industrial society.&#10;D)postmodern society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A society that is primarily concerned with...

Question 12

A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(n)&#10;A)agrarian society.&#10;B)hunting-and-gathering society.&#10;C)horticultural society.&#10;D)slash-and-burn farming society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A preindustrial society in which people rely...

Question 13

A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(n)&#10;A)industrial society.&#10;B)postmodern society.&#10;C)postindustrial society.&#10;D)agrarian society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A society whose economic system is engaged...

Question 14

Today,Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger bagged his groceries.Then he went to Wendy's and purchased a hamburger from another stranger,and on his way home he stopped at an intersection,where an unknown police officer raised her hand.These experiences are all characteristic of

A)Gesellschaft relationships.
B)organic solidarity.
C)mechanical solidarity.
D)Gemeinschaft relationships.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Today,Steve went into a grocery store where...

Question 15

In a society organized around mechanical solidarity,which of the following tasks would you likely engage in?&#10;A)preparing food&#10;B)building homes&#10;C)making clothing&#10;D)All of these answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a society organized around mechanical solidarity,which...

Question 16

Ferdinand T&#246;nnies used the term ________ to refer to communities that are large,impersonal,and often urban,with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.&#10;A)Gemeinschaft&#10;B)Gesellschaft&#10;C)mechanical solidarity&#10;D)organic solidarity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ferdinand T&#246;nnies used the term ________ to...

Question 17

In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society,members are engaged primarily in food production.They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow.This type of society is called a(n)

A)hunting-and-gathering society.
B)agrarian society.
C)horticultural society.
D)postmodern society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the most technologically advanced form of...

Question 18

The Yanomam&#246;,a South American culture,live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food and tending small gardens.Their primary tool is a stone ax,which they use for cutting down trees to expand their gardens.The Yanomam&#246; are an example of a(n)&#10;A)agrarian society.&#10;B)horticultural society.&#10;C)hunting-and-gathering society.&#10;D)postmodern society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Yanomam&#246;,a South American culture,live in a...

Question 19

A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called a(n)&#10;A)preindustrial society.&#10;B)industrial society.&#10;C)postindustrial society.&#10;D)postmodern society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied...

Question 20

Ferdinand T&#246;nnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a&#10;A)Gemeinschaft.&#10;B)Gesellschaft.&#10;C)Gesundheit.&#10;D)Glockenspiel.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ferdinand T&#246;nnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as...

Question 21

The sociocultural evolutionary approach emphasizes a developmental perspective and pictures different types of social structures coexisting within the same society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The sociocultural evolutionary approach emphasizes a developmental...

Question 22

Describe sociologist Gerhard Lenski's stages of sociocultural evolution and explain how his view differs from that of &#201;mile Durkheim's mechanical and organic solidarity and Ferdinand T&#246;nnies's Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe sociologist Gerhard Lenski's stages of sociocultural...

Question 23

A postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and information on a mass scale.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated...

Question 24

In the U.S. ,we listen to music imported from Jamaica,eat sushi and other Japanese foods,and watch movies produced in Italy.These are all features of a(n)&#10;A)preindustrial society.&#10;B)industrial society.&#10;C)postindustrial society.&#10;D)postmodern society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the U.S. ,we listen to music...

Question 25

Describe the differences among industrial,postindustrial,and postmodern societies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the differences among industrial,postindustrial,and postmodern societies....

Question 26

&#201;mile Durkheim argued that mechanical solidarity is characteristic of the interdependence of people in a complex society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#201;mile Durkheim argued that mechanical solidarity is...

Deck 17: Social Structure in Global Perspective