Deck 21: DNA Biology and Technology

Question 1

Which of the following is not a requirement for the genetic material of the cell?

A) It must be able to replicate.
B) It must be able to store information.
C) It must be able to undergo mutations.
D) It must be able to change conformations.
E) It must be able to provide genetic variability.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The bases in DNA are complementary. A always binds with

A) A. B. C.
C) G.
D) T.
E) U.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The denaturation of which enzyme would lead to incorrect base pairing of nucleotides during DNA replication?

A) DNA polymerase
B) DNA ligase
C) DNA helicase
D) binding proteins
E) Okazaki fragments

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is not a potential function of proteins?

A) enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions
B) neurotransmitters to aid the nervous system
C) antibodies for the immune system
D) storage form for genetic information
E) hormones to change cellular activity

Question 5

Which of the following is not a type of small RNA?

A) snoRNAs
B) tRNA
C) snRNAs
D) miRNAs
E) siRNAs

Question 6

Both DNA and RNA are

A) found in the cytoplasm.
B) transcribed.
C) translated.
D) found in the nucleus.
E) considered the genetic material of the cell.

Question 7

DNA replication is considered

A) conservative.
B) semiconservative.
C) dispersive.
D) relaxed.
E) stringent.

Question 8

How many different amino acids are commonly found in proteins?

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 50
E) over 100

Question 9

Which of the following is not true about the structure of DNA?

A) The sides of the ladder structure are made up of sugar and phosphate. B. The bases form the "rungs" of the ladder structure.
C) The two strands are considered parallel.
D) The ladder structure is twisted into a double helix.
E) A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C.

Question 10

List and explain the 5 steps involved in DNA replication.

Question 11

Mitochondria also contain DNA.

Question 12

All of the RNAs

A) can be found in the ribosomes.
B) are translated into proteins.
C) are transcribed from DNA.
D) function within the nucleus.
E) interact with amino acids.

Question 13

The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while the sugar in RNA is ribose.

Question 14

Which of the following are found within the monomer unit of DNA?

A) phosphate, nitrogen base
B) phosphate, amino acids
C) fatty acids, sugars
D) amino acids, nitrogen base
E) nitrogen base, fatty acid

Question 15

Which of the following is the monomer unit of DNA?

A) amino acids
B) fatty acids
C) nucleotides
D) carbohydrate rings
E) steroid rings

Question 16

The "r" in "rRNA" stands for reticulum RNA because this type of RNA is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 17

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?

A) DNA polymerase
B) DNA helicase
C) DNA replicase
D) DNA ligase
E) DNA telomerase

Question 18

In what way are DNA and RNA similar?

A) Both contain C, A, and G. B. Both contain deoxyribose.
C) Both contain U, C, and G.
D) Both are single stranded.
E) Both form a double helix.

Question 19

What is the role of the enzyme ligase in DNA replication?

A) It unzips the double-stranded DNA.
B) It seals any breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone.
C) It breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of the DNA together.
D) It matches new bases to the old strand by complementary base pairing.
E) It folds the DNA into a coiled structure.

Question 20

Which of the following is a coding RNA?

A) small RNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) mRNA
E) large RNA

Question 21

Which of the following is not true regarding ribosomes?

A) They are composed of two subunits.
B) They contain both RNA and protein.
C) They contain an A site and a P site.
D) They translate RNA into protein.
E) They function within the nucleus.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a type of mRNA processing?

A) adding a cap
B) cleaving off the methionine
C) adding a tail
D) removing the introns
E) splicing

Question 23

Which of the following is not a level of regulation for gene expression?

A) Pretranscriptional
B) Transcriptional
C) Posttranscriptional
D) Pretranslational
E) Translational

Question 24

The 3-base sequence in a mRNA molecule is called a(n)

A) codon.
B) transcriptome.
C) initiator.
D) mutation.
E) transposon.

Question 25

Exons in mRNAs are excised and left in the nucleus.

Question 26

How many stop codons are there for translation?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 27

As the RNA is being made, it is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.

Question 28

The start codon for translation is a

A) UAG.
B) UAA.
C) AAA.
D) AUG.
E) AGU.

Question 29

How many codons are there for leucine?

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 30

In the RNA sequence CAAUGACCAG, what will be the first amino acid incorporated?

A) alanine
B) glutamine
C) methionine
D) valine
E) glycine

Question 31

Describe the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA.

Question 32

Which of the following occurs during initiation of translation?

A) The ribosome moves down one codon so that the A site is available to receive an incoming tRNA.
B) The mRNA binds to the smaller of the two ribosomal subunits.
C) The polypeptide lengthens one amino acid at a time.
D) The ribosome dissociates into its two subunits and falls off the mRNA.
E) One of the three stop codons is reached.

Question 33

What enzyme is responsible for transcribing RNA?

A) helicase
B) DNA polymerase
C) RNA polymerase
D) ligase
E) protease

Question 34

Transcribe and then translate the following DNA code: AATCGGTTCCATCGG

Question 35

Which of the following nucleotide sequences could give rise to the amino acid sequence alanine-asparatate-glycine? Assume that translation initiation has already occurred.

A) GUUAAGAGG
B) GCCGACGGC
C) CACCGCCGA
D) GAUGGUGCU
E) UUUUAAUGG

Question 36

To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, i.e., if the original is DNA, the transcribed copy is also DNA.

Question 37

When the sequence CGCAAUGCAAGGA is translated, the corresponding protein will be arginine-asparagine-alanine-arginine.

Question 38

Which of the following is not an amino acid?

A) glycine
B) tryptophan
C) alanine
D) valine
E) uracil

Question 39

Which structure contains the anticodon?

A) the mRNA
B) the large ribosomal subunit
C) the small ribosomal subunit
D) the tRNA
E) the rRNA

Question 40

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

A) CCA, proline
B) GGU, proline
C) GGT, glycine
D) ACC, threonine
E) UGG, tryptophan

Question 41

An individual has a genetic disorder in which their cell is not forming the correct protein structure for the cell membrane to allow entry of a particular ion. Doctors have determined that in order to help cure this person they need to alter the shape of the protein. Which type of regulation of gene expression would have the greatest chance of success?

A) posttranslational control
B) posttranscriptional control
C) transcriptional control
D) translational control
E) pretranscriptional control

Question 42

When was the Human Genome Project completed?

A) 1999
B) 2001
C) 2003
D) 2005
E) 2010

Question 43

Which of the following is not a desirable trait for a genetically engineered plant?

A) disease resistant
B) salt sensitive
C) improved yield
D) modified wood pulp
E) drought tolerant

Question 44

How is the recombinant product procured from transgenic bacteria? Transgenic goats?

A) eat them, from growth media
B) from growth media, drink milk
C) eat them, eat them
D) drink milk, drink milk
E) from growth media, from growth media

Question 45

Organisms that have had a foreign gene inserted into them are called analytical products.

Question 46

Mouse models for human diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, have been created by recombinant DNA technology.

Question 47

Which of the following is not involved in gene cloning?

A) host cell
B) vector
C) restriction enzyme
D) dyes attached to nucleotides
E) "sticky" ends

Question 48

Which of the following would be an example of pretranscriptional control?

A) The chromosomes must decondense.
B) Transcription factors help initiate transcription.
C) The mRNA is processed before it leaves the nucleus.
D) The life expectancy of the mRNA molecules vary.
E) The polypeptide product is folded to form its functional conformation.

Question 49

Which of the following is not an application of PCR?

A) study evolutionary history
B) study mummies
C) crime scene investigations
D) treat cancer
E) detect a genetic disorder

Question 50

Which of the following is a benefit gained from learning how to sequence DNA?

A) identification of faulty genes
B) development of treatments for diseases
C) modification of crops to increase yields
D) understanding of our evolutionary history
E) all of these are benefits gained from DNA sequencing

Question 51

Which of the following statements about PCR is not true?

A) PCR stands for "polymerizing copies of RNA.""
B) PCR can create millions of copies of a segment of DNA in a test tube.
C) PCR uses DNA polymerase.
D) The amount of DNA doubles with each replication cycle.
E) The target is repeatedly replicated.

Question 52

How much of your DNA is identical to the person who sits next to you in biology class?

A) 1%
B) 50%
C) 90%
D) 99%
E) 99.9%

Question 53

How many genes did researchers think the human genome contained? How many did it contain?

A) 3 billion; 80,000
B) 1 million; 1 million
C) 25,000; 80,000
D) 80,000; 25,000
E) 125 million; 1 million

Question 54

How does modern day sequencing detect dyes on the nucleotides?

A) radioactivity
B) dye terminator chemicals
C) DNA breakage
D) laser
E) by eye

Question 55

Which of the following is not true about transcription factors?

A) Transcription factors are DNA-binding proteins.
B) Transcription factors are considered external cell regulators.
C) There are many different types of transcription factors.
D) Specialization of cells is determined/influenced by which transcription factors are active in the cell.
E) Genes code for transcription factors.

Question 56

Which of the following is a product made from bacteria via recombinant DNA technology that promotes the health of plants?

A) hepatitis B vaccine
B) insulin
C) clotting factor VIII
D) growth hormone
E) frost-minus substances

Question 57

One of the disadvantages of PCR is that it requires large amounts of starting material.

Question 58

Place the following steps in order for the cloning of a gene. 1. DNA ligase seals foreign DNA into a plasmid. 2.A restriction enzyme is used to cleave DNA. 3. The bacterium makes a product. 4. Some of the bacterial cells take up a recombinant plasmid. 5. The plasmid replicates on its own.

A) 2,1,4,5,3
B) 1,2,3,4,5
C) 3,1,2,4,5
D) 5,1,4,3,2
E) 1,3,2,4,5

Question 59

It only takes a matter of several hours to sequence 1000 base-pair sections of DNA.

Question 60

More than 50% of the entire human genome codes for functional proteins.

Question 61

Researchers found 3 genes on chromosome 22 in chimpanzees that, when compared to our human genes, have given us insight into our evolution. What were those three genes?

A) genes for speech development, hearing, and smell
B) genes for chest size, cranial size, and leg length
C) genes for taste, opposable thumbs, and bipedalism
D) genes for speech development, opposable thumbs, and leg length
E) genes for food preference, bipedalism, and cranial size

Question 62

What is the goal of functional genomics?

A) to determine all of the human genome sequence
B) to determine the genome sequence of other organisms useful to humans
C) to determine the purpose of our genes and how they form a human being
D) to determine how all the proteins within the cell interact
E) to carry out gene therapy for human diseases

Question 63

Which of the following is not studied in the field of proteomics?

A) protein-protein interactions
B) protein concentration in a cell
C) which genes give rise to which proteins
D) cellular location of particular proteins
E) chemical modifications of proteins

Question 64

Ex vivo gene therapy has been used to treat which of the following diseases?

A) SCID
B) cardiovascular disease
C) Huntington disease
D) endocrine disorder
E) all of these

Question 65

Which of the following is the primary goal of bioinformatics?

A) to find significant patterns in the information gained from DNA sequencing and proteomics
B) to input DNA and protein sequences into a computer
C) to model the three-dimensional shape of cellular proteins
D) to obtain the sequence of all the noncoding regions of the DNA
E) to insert genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a disorder

Question 66

In ex vivo gene therapy, therapeutic DNA is injected into body cells with the use of a vector or carrier molecule.

Question 67

How similar are our genomes to those of a mouse?

A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 35%
D) 85%
E) 99%

Question 68

In vivo gene therapy has been used to help patients suffering from cystic fibrosis.