Deck 18: Development and Aging

Question 1

Which of the following is involved in the prevention of polyspermy?

A) acrosome of the sperm
B) depolarization of the egg's plasma membrane
C) fusion of the sperm and egg nucleus
D) changes within the corona radiata
E) the number of chromosomes contained within the sperm

Answer 1

B.

Question 2

The nervous system develops enough to permit reflex actions during which period of development?

A) pre-embryonic
B) embryonic, weeks 6-8
C) fetal, months 3-4
D) embryonic, weeks 2-3
E) embryonic, weeks 4-5

Answer 2

B.

Question 3

Which of the following is not derived from the endoderm?

A) epithelial lining of the digestive tract
B) epithelial lining of the respiratory tract
C) glands of the digestive tract
D) lining of the urinary bladder
E) urinary system

Answer 3

E.

Question 4

The adhering follicular cells that surround the egg are called the

A) pronuclei.
B) zona pellucida.
C) corona radiata.
D) cortical granule cells.
E) outer cell mass.

Question 5

When does the heart begin to develop?

A) week 1
B) week 3
C) week 5
D) week 7
E) week 9

Question 6

At the end of the embryonic period, the embryo is about 12 inches long.

Question 7

During fertilization, several sperm penetrate the corona radiata.

Question 8

Describe what occurs during cleavage, growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation.

Question 9

Which part of the sperm contains the chromosomes?

A) tail
B) middle piece
C) head
D) cell membrane
E) flagella

Question 10

The embryonic disk becomes the inner cell mass after gastrulation.

Question 11

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic stage of development?

A) Chorion appears.
B) Nose, eyes, and ears become noticeable.
C) Testes descend into the scrotum.
D) Heartbeat can be heard.
E) Fingernails appear.

Question 12

Describe the steps of fertilizing an egg cell.

Question 13

Which of the following gives the correct order of layers the sperm crosses when entering the egg?

A) corona radiata, zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane
B) zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane, corona radiata
C) oocyte plasma membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida
D) corona radiata, oocyyte plasma membrane, zona pellucida
E) zona pellucida, corona radiata, oocyte plasma membrane

Question 14

The nervous system is to the ectoderm as the skeleton is to the

A) mesoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) chorion.
D) allantois.
E) blastula.

Question 15

Once the cortical granules release their enzymes, the corona radiata becomes the fertilization membrane.

Question 16

Which of these is associated with pre-embryonic development?

A) morula
B) embryonic disk
C) gastrulation
D) primary germ layers
E) formation of the umbilical cord

Question 17

Embryonic development begins with

A) fertilization.
B) the first cell division.
C) the development of the blastocyst.
D) implantation.
E) gastrulation.

Question 18

Which of the following is not associated with the egg?

A) corona radiata
B) acrosome
C) zona pellucida
D) cortical granule
E) fertilization membrane

Question 19

At what point during development does the embryo form three germ layers?

A) when it begins cleavage
B) when the nervous system develops
C) when it forms the gastrula
D) when it forms the inner cell mass
E) when it becomes recognizable as human

Question 20

Where are the mitochondria located in the sperm?

A) tail
B) middle piece
C) head
D) nucleus
E) cell membrane

Question 21

Which of the following is present in the fetus but not in an adult human?

A) ductus arteriosus
B) pulmonary vein
C) left atrium
D) superior vena cava
E) internal iliac artery

Question 22

The yolk sac of the chick provides nutrients to the developing embryo. What structure serves the same role in humans?

A) chorion
B) allantois
C) yolk sac
D) amnion
E) zona pellucida

Question 23

The white, greasy, cheeselike substance that covers the fetus's skin is called

A) lanugo.
B) fontanels.
C) vernix caseosa.
D) foramen ovale.
E) ductus arteriosus.

Question 24

The blood of the mother and the fetus mix in the placenta.

Question 25

Does a woman ovulate during pregnancy? Why or why not?

A) No, because she doesn't have any more follicles in the ovaries.
B) No, because negative feedback on the hypothalamus prevents new follicles from maturing.
C) No, because the developing embryo prevents any new blastulas from implanting.
D) Yes, because the uterine cycle continues to function.
E) Yes, because the ovarian cycle continues to function.

Question 26

An embryo at the 4-cell stage of development is almost twice the size of an embryo at the 2-cell stage of development.

Question 27

The names of the extraembryonic membranes are derived from their function in animals that produce shelled eggs.

Question 28

The ________ is the first embryonic membrane to appear, and it is the first site of ________.

A) amnion, umbilical cord formation
B) yolk sac, placenta development
C) chorion, neural system development
D) allantois, amniotic fluid formation
E) yolk sac, blood cell formation

Question 29

Which of the following is not true concerning the fetus during the third month of development?

A) Bone begins to be replaced with cartilage in certain areas of the skeleton.
B) The nose, eyes, and ears are present.
C) Fingernails, nipples, eyelashes, eyebrows, and hair on the head appear.
D) Head growth slows down as the rest of the body increases in length.
E) It is possible to distinguish males from females.

Question 30

When does the mother first begin to feel the fetus move?

A) 1-2 months
B) 3-4 months
C) 5-7 months
D) 7-9 months
E) 1-4 weeks

Question 31

Most birth defects are due to the inheritance of an abnormal number of chromosomes.

Question 32

How are the pulmonary veins and the umbilical veins similar?

A) They are both present in an adult human.
B) They both carry blood to the lungs.
C) They both connect to the superior vena cava.
D) They both carry oxygen-rich blood.
E) They both connect to the placenta.

Question 33

The first system in the body to become visibly differentiated during development is the

A) digestive system.
B) cardiovascular system.
C) respiratory system.
D) nervous system.
E) reproductive system.

Question 34

The umbilical arteries carry

A) oxygen-rich blood to the developing fetus.
B) oxygen-rich blood to the placenta.
C) oxygen-poor blood to the developing fetus.
D) oxygen-poor blood to the placenta.
E) oxygen-rich blood to the mother.

Question 35

When cells begin to move in the embryo in relation to other cells, this is called

A) cleavage.
B) growth.
C) morphogenesis.
D) differentiation.
E) fertilization.

Question 36

What structure produces progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy?

A) placenta
B) hypothalamus
C) anterior pituitary
D) posterior pituitary
E) ovaries

Question 37

Which of the following would be considered a poor health practice for a woman planning to get pregnant or already pregnant?

A) updating all vaccinations
B) treating all sexually transmitted diseases
C) obtaining more folic acid
D) eating enough to feed two people
E) moderate exercise

Question 38

When cells take on specific structure and function, this is called

A) cleavage.
B) growth.
C) morphogenesis.
D) differentiation.
E) fertilization.

Question 39

The amnion is to the amniotic fluid as the allantois is to the

A) blood cell precursors.
B) chorionic villi.
C) umbilical blood vessels.
D) amniotic cavity.
E) yolk.

Question 40

Fetal development includes the third through ninth months of development.

Question 41

Why would you predict that the blood carbon dioxide levels in a pregnant woman would fall?

A) She has trouble breathing due to the expanding uterus.
B) The fetus is removing carbon dioxide from her blood.
C) The maternal oxygen levels are also falling.
D) Pregnancy creates a favorable concentration gradient between the fetal and maternal blood.
E) The bronchial tubes relax.

Question 42

How do males and females differ as they age?

A) Females undergo menopause, but males do not undergo any changes in their reproductive hormone levels.
B) Males can continue to produce sperm until death, but females do not continue to produce eggs.
C) Males develop urinary incontinence, but females do not.
D) Males lose skeletal muscle mass, but females tend to gain muscle mass.
E) Females dehydrate faster than males do.

Question 43

Which of the following develops into the male genital ducts?

A) epididymis
B) urogenital groove
C) cloaca
D) Mullerian ducts
E) Wolffian ducts

Question 44

Which of the following problems is not associated with pregnancy?

A) lordosis
B) lower back pain
C) gastrointestinal reflux
D) incontinence
E) impotence

Question 45

Sheila is experiencing contractions every 15 to 20 minutes that last for 40 seconds or longer. Is she in labor?

Question 46

Which of the following does not occur prior to or during stage 1 of labor?

A) bloody show
B) effacement
C) uterine contractions
D) breaking water
E) dislodging of the placenta

Question 47

What occurs during stage 3 of labor?

A) The cervix dilates.
B) The baby is born.
C) Effacement occurs.
D) The amniotic sac ruptures.
E) The placenta is expelled.

Question 48

Which hypothesis of aging involves mitochondria?

A) gene damage by free radicals
B) whole-body process
C) extrinsic factors
D) damage accumulation
E) external factors

Question 49

If a fetus contains an X and a Y chromosome but a defective SRY gene, they will develop

A) into an anatomical female because testosterone is not present.
B) into an anatomical male because testosterone is not present.
C) into an anatomical female because testosterone is present.
D) into an anatomical male because testosterone is present.
E) into a hermaphrodite due to the presence of estrogen and testosterone.

Question 50

When the uterus begins to contract, it is almost time for the baby to be born.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is related to a decrease in blood flow?

A) Males become infertile.
B) Females undergo menopause.
C) Ventilation of the lungs is reduced.
D) The liver does not metabolize drugs as efficiently as before.
E) The homeostatic adjustment to heat is limited.

Question 52

Development ceases at birth.

Question 53

Estrogen is responsible for the onset and continuation of labor.

Question 54

The number of neural cells in the cerebral cortex decreases during the aging process.

Question 55

The sex of an individual is determined at the moment of fertilization.

Question 56

Which of the following is not involved in the increase in blood volume in a pregnant woman?

A) progesterone
B) artery expansion
C) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
D) an increase in blood oxygen levels
E) sodium and water retention

Question 57

Which of the following defines "aging"?

A) progressive changes from infancy until death
B) the loss of function of various body systems
C) the onset of sexual maturity
D) the development of disease or disability
E) the failure to thrive

Question 58

Which of the following is not a chief effect of progesterone?

A) increased uterine blood flow
B) relaxation of smooth muscle
C) reduced uterine motility
D) reduced maternal immune response to fetus
E) low blood pressure

Question 59

Summarize the events that occur during each stage of birth.

Question 60

Which of the following skin changes is not associated with growing older?

A) Pigmented blotches appear on the skin.
B) There is less adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer.
C) The number of elastic fibers decreases.
D) There is an increase in the number of oil glands.
E) There are fewer sweat glands for sweating to occur.