Deck 2: The Simple Regression Model

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سؤال
A dependent variable is also known as a(n) _____.

A)explanatory variable
B)control variable
C) predictor variable
D) response variable
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سؤال
If a change in variable x causes a change in variable y, variable x is called the _____.

A)dependent variable
B)explained variable
C) explanatory variable
D) response variable
سؤال
What does the equation <strong>What does the equation   denote if the regression equation is   ?</strong> A)The explained sum of squares B)The total sum of squares C) The sample regression function D) The population regression function <div style=padding-top: 35px> denote if the regression equation is <strong>What does the equation   denote if the regression equation is   ?</strong> A)The explained sum of squares B)The total sum of squares C) The sample regression function D) The population regression function <div style=padding-top: 35px> ?

A)The explained sum of squares
B)The total sum of squares
C) The sample regression function
D) The population regression function
سؤال
What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y = <strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px> 0 + <strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px> 1x1 + u passes through the origin?

A) <strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
B) <strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
C)
<strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
D)
<strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
سؤال
The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​

A)​ <strong>The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​</strong> A)​   B)​   C) ​   D) ​   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
B)​ <strong>The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​</strong> A)​   B)​   C) ​   D) ​   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
C) ​
<strong>The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​</strong> A)​   B)​   C) ​   D) ​   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
D) ​
<strong>The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​</strong> A)​   B)​   C) ​   D) ​   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
سؤال
Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?

A)y = <strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u <div style=padding-top: 35px> 0 + <strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u <div style=padding-top: 35px> 1x1/2 + u
B)log y = <strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u <div style=padding-top: 35px> 0 + <strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u <div style=padding-top: 35px> 1log x +u
C) y = 1 / (
<strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u <div style=padding-top: 35px> 0 +
<strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u <div style=padding-top: 35px> 1x) + u
D) y =
<strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u <div style=padding-top: 35px> 0 +
<strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u <div style=padding-top: 35px> 1x + u
سؤال
If xi and yi are positively correlated in the sample then the estimated slope is _____.​

A)​less than zero
B)​greater than zero
C) ​equal to zero
D) ​equal to one
سؤال
Consider the following regression model: y = <strong>Consider the following regression model: y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u. Which of the following is a property of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates of this model and their associated statistics?</strong> A)The sum, and therefore the sample average of the OLS residuals, is positive. B)The sum of the OLS residuals is negative. C) The sample covariance between the regressors and the OLS residuals is positive. D) The point (   ) always lies on the OLS regression line. <div style=padding-top: 35px> 0 + <strong>Consider the following regression model: y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u. Which of the following is a property of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates of this model and their associated statistics?</strong> A)The sum, and therefore the sample average of the OLS residuals, is positive. B)The sum of the OLS residuals is negative. C) The sample covariance between the regressors and the OLS residuals is positive. D) The point (   ) always lies on the OLS regression line. <div style=padding-top: 35px> 1x1 + u. Which of the following is a property of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates of this model and their associated statistics?

A)The sum, and therefore the sample average of the OLS residuals, is positive.
B)The sum of the OLS residuals is negative.
C) The sample covariance between the regressors and the OLS residuals is positive.
D) The point (
<strong>Consider the following regression model: y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u. Which of the following is a property of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates of this model and their associated statistics?</strong> A)The sum, and therefore the sample average of the OLS residuals, is positive. B)The sum of the OLS residuals is negative. C) The sample covariance between the regressors and the OLS residuals is positive. D) The point (   ) always lies on the OLS regression line. <div style=padding-top: 35px> ) always lies on the OLS regression line.
سؤال
A natural measure of the association between two random variables is the correlation coefficient.
سؤال
Which of the following is assumed for establishing the unbiasedness of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates?

A)The error term has an expected value of 1 given any value of the explanatory variable.
B)The regression equation is linear in the explained and explanatory variables.
C) The sample outcomes on the explanatory variable are all the same value.
D) The error term has the same variance given any value of the explanatory variable.
سؤال
The explained sum of squares for the regression function, <strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px> , is defined as _____.

A) <strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
B) <strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
C)
<strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
D)
<strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
سؤال
In the equation <strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px> , what is the estimated value of <strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px> ?

A) <strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
B) <strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
C)
<strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
D)
<strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   <div style=padding-top: 35px>
سؤال
In the equation <strong>In the equation   , c denotes consumption and i denotes income. What is the residual for the 5<sup>th</sup> observation if   =$500 and   =$475?</strong> A)$975 B)$300 C) $25 D) $50 <div style=padding-top: 35px> , c denotes consumption and i denotes income. What is the residual for the 5th observation if <strong>In the equation   , c denotes consumption and i denotes income. What is the residual for the 5<sup>th</sup> observation if   =$500 and   =$475?</strong> A)$975 B)$300 C) $25 D) $50 <div style=padding-top: 35px> =$500 and <strong>In the equation   , c denotes consumption and i denotes income. What is the residual for the 5<sup>th</sup> observation if   =$500 and   =$475?</strong> A)$975 B)$300 C) $25 D) $50 <div style=padding-top: 35px> =$475?

A)$975
B)$300
C) $25
D) $50
سؤال
In the regression of y on x, the error term exhibits heteroskedasticity if _____.

A)it has a constant variance
B)Var(y|x) is a function of x
C) x is a function of y
D) y is a function of x
سؤال
If the residual sum of squares (SSR) in a regression analysis is 66 and the total sum of squares (SST) is equal to 90, what is the value of the coefficient of determination?

A)0.73
B)0.55
C) 0.27
D) 1.2
سؤال
In the equation <strong>In the equation   is the _____.</strong> A)dependent variable B)independent variable C) slope parameter D) intercept parameter <div style=padding-top: 35px> is the _____.

A)dependent variable
B)independent variable
C) slope parameter
D) intercept parameter
سؤال
If the total sum of squares (SST) in a regression equation is 81, and the residual sum of squares (SSR) is 25, what is the explained sum of squares (SSE)?

A)64
B)56
C) 32
D) 18
سؤال
In a regression equation, changing the units of measurement of only the independent variable does not affect the _____.

A)​dependent variable
B)​slope
C) ​intercept
D) ​error term
سؤال
Simple regression is an analysis of correlation between two variables.​
سؤال
The error term in a regression equation is said to exhibit homoskedasticty if _____.

A)it has zero conditional mean
B)it has the same variance for all values of the explanatory variable
C) it has the same value for all values of the explanatory variable
D) if the error term has a value of one given any value of the explanatory variable
سؤال
R2 is the ratio of the explained variation compared to the total variation.
سؤال
There are n-1 degrees of freedom in Ordinary Least Square residuals.
سؤال
The sample covariance between the regressors and the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) residuals is always positive.
سؤال
In general, the constant that produces the smallest sum of squared deviations is always the sample average.​
سؤال
The variance of the slope estimator increases as the error variance decreases.
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Deck 2: The Simple Regression Model
1
A dependent variable is also known as a(n) _____.

A)explanatory variable
B)control variable
C) predictor variable
D) response variable
D
Explanation: A dependent variable is known as a response variable.
2
If a change in variable x causes a change in variable y, variable x is called the _____.

A)dependent variable
B)explained variable
C) explanatory variable
D) response variable
C
Explanation: If a change in variable x causes a change in variable y, variable x is called the independent variable or the explanatory variable.
3
What does the equation <strong>What does the equation   denote if the regression equation is   ?</strong> A)The explained sum of squares B)The total sum of squares C) The sample regression function D) The population regression function denote if the regression equation is <strong>What does the equation   denote if the regression equation is   ?</strong> A)The explained sum of squares B)The total sum of squares C) The sample regression function D) The population regression function ?

A)The explained sum of squares
B)The total sum of squares
C) The sample regression function
D) The population regression function
C
Explanation: The equation C Explanation: The equation   denotes the sample regression function of the given regression model. denotes the sample regression function of the given regression model.
4
What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y = <strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   0 + <strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   1x1 + u passes through the origin?

A) <strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
B) <strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
C)
<strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
D)
<strong>What is the estimated value of the slope parameter when the regression equation, y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u passes through the origin?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
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5
The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​

A)​ <strong>The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​</strong> A)​   B)​   C) ​   D) ​
B)​ <strong>The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​</strong> A)​   B)​   C) ​   D) ​
C) ​
<strong>The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​</strong> A)​   B)​   C) ​   D) ​
D) ​
<strong>The sample correlation between xi and yi is denoted by _____.​</strong> A)​   B)​   C) ​   D) ​
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6
Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?

A)y = <strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u 0 + <strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u 1x1/2 + u
B)log y = <strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u 0 + <strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u 1log x +u
C) y = 1 / (
<strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u 0 +
<strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u 1x) + u
D) y =
<strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u 0 +
<strong>Which of the following is a nonlinear regression model?</strong> A)y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sup>1/2</sup> + u B)log y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>log x +u C) y = 1 / (   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x) + u D) y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x + u 1x + u
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7
If xi and yi are positively correlated in the sample then the estimated slope is _____.​

A)​less than zero
B)​greater than zero
C) ​equal to zero
D) ​equal to one
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8
Consider the following regression model: y = <strong>Consider the following regression model: y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u. Which of the following is a property of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates of this model and their associated statistics?</strong> A)The sum, and therefore the sample average of the OLS residuals, is positive. B)The sum of the OLS residuals is negative. C) The sample covariance between the regressors and the OLS residuals is positive. D) The point (   ) always lies on the OLS regression line. 0 + <strong>Consider the following regression model: y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u. Which of the following is a property of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates of this model and their associated statistics?</strong> A)The sum, and therefore the sample average of the OLS residuals, is positive. B)The sum of the OLS residuals is negative. C) The sample covariance between the regressors and the OLS residuals is positive. D) The point (   ) always lies on the OLS regression line. 1x1 + u. Which of the following is a property of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates of this model and their associated statistics?

A)The sum, and therefore the sample average of the OLS residuals, is positive.
B)The sum of the OLS residuals is negative.
C) The sample covariance between the regressors and the OLS residuals is positive.
D) The point (
<strong>Consider the following regression model: y =   <sub>0</sub> +   <sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + u. Which of the following is a property of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates of this model and their associated statistics?</strong> A)The sum, and therefore the sample average of the OLS residuals, is positive. B)The sum of the OLS residuals is negative. C) The sample covariance between the regressors and the OLS residuals is positive. D) The point (   ) always lies on the OLS regression line. ) always lies on the OLS regression line.
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9
A natural measure of the association between two random variables is the correlation coefficient.
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10
Which of the following is assumed for establishing the unbiasedness of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates?

A)The error term has an expected value of 1 given any value of the explanatory variable.
B)The regression equation is linear in the explained and explanatory variables.
C) The sample outcomes on the explanatory variable are all the same value.
D) The error term has the same variance given any value of the explanatory variable.
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11
The explained sum of squares for the regression function, <strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   , is defined as _____.

A) <strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
B) <strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
C)
<strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
D)
<strong>The explained sum of squares for the regression function,   , is defined as _____.</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
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12
In the equation <strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   , what is the estimated value of <strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)   ?

A) <strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
B) <strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
C)
<strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
D)
<strong>In the equation   , what is the estimated value of   ?</strong> A)   B)   C)   D)
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13
In the equation <strong>In the equation   , c denotes consumption and i denotes income. What is the residual for the 5<sup>th</sup> observation if   =$500 and   =$475?</strong> A)$975 B)$300 C) $25 D) $50 , c denotes consumption and i denotes income. What is the residual for the 5th observation if <strong>In the equation   , c denotes consumption and i denotes income. What is the residual for the 5<sup>th</sup> observation if   =$500 and   =$475?</strong> A)$975 B)$300 C) $25 D) $50 =$500 and <strong>In the equation   , c denotes consumption and i denotes income. What is the residual for the 5<sup>th</sup> observation if   =$500 and   =$475?</strong> A)$975 B)$300 C) $25 D) $50 =$475?

A)$975
B)$300
C) $25
D) $50
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14
In the regression of y on x, the error term exhibits heteroskedasticity if _____.

A)it has a constant variance
B)Var(y|x) is a function of x
C) x is a function of y
D) y is a function of x
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15
If the residual sum of squares (SSR) in a regression analysis is 66 and the total sum of squares (SST) is equal to 90, what is the value of the coefficient of determination?

A)0.73
B)0.55
C) 0.27
D) 1.2
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16
In the equation <strong>In the equation   is the _____.</strong> A)dependent variable B)independent variable C) slope parameter D) intercept parameter is the _____.

A)dependent variable
B)independent variable
C) slope parameter
D) intercept parameter
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17
If the total sum of squares (SST) in a regression equation is 81, and the residual sum of squares (SSR) is 25, what is the explained sum of squares (SSE)?

A)64
B)56
C) 32
D) 18
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18
In a regression equation, changing the units of measurement of only the independent variable does not affect the _____.

A)​dependent variable
B)​slope
C) ​intercept
D) ​error term
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19
Simple regression is an analysis of correlation between two variables.​
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20
The error term in a regression equation is said to exhibit homoskedasticty if _____.

A)it has zero conditional mean
B)it has the same variance for all values of the explanatory variable
C) it has the same value for all values of the explanatory variable
D) if the error term has a value of one given any value of the explanatory variable
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21
R2 is the ratio of the explained variation compared to the total variation.
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22
There are n-1 degrees of freedom in Ordinary Least Square residuals.
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23
The sample covariance between the regressors and the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) residuals is always positive.
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24
In general, the constant that produces the smallest sum of squared deviations is always the sample average.​
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25
The variance of the slope estimator increases as the error variance decreases.
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