Deck 7: Cocaine,the Amphetamines,and Other Psychostimulants

Question 1

As opposed to crack cocaine,a "line" of powder cocaine:

A)acts on different receptors in the brain.
B)acts at different sites in the brain.
C)has a more rapid speed of onset.
D)typically yields about 1/10th to 1/40th the dose.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the _____,regulatory policies began on the use of cocaine in the United States.

A)early 1800s
B)mid 1800s
C)late 1800s
D)early 1900s

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following administration routes for cocaine has the SHORTEST duration of "high"?

A)oral
B)smoking
C)intranasal
D)intravenous

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Consuming lime while chewing coca leaves results in:

A)improved taste.
B)decreased metabolism.
C)increased high.
D)prolonged high.

Question 5

Psychostimulants are also called sympathomimetics,since they cause activation of the:

A)skeletal nervous system.
B)sympathetic nervous system.
C)parasympathetic nervous system.
D)central nervous system.

Question 6

In the _____,a new epidemic of cocaine use began with the widespread availability of crack cocaine.

A)1960s
B)1970s
C)1980s
D)1990s

Question 7

Which of the following administration routes for cocaine has the SLOWEST initial onset of action?

A)The oral route
B)By smoking cocaine
C)The intranasal route
D)The intravenous route

Question 8

The leaves of Erythroxylon coca contains about _____ percent cocaine.

A)1
B)2
C)5
D)10

Question 9

Cocaine base,or "freebase," is soluble in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)water
B)lipid
C)alcohol
D)acetone

Question 10

Which of the following administration routes for cocaine has the FASTEST initial onset of action?

A)The oral route
B)By smoking cocaine
C)The intranasal route
D)The intravenous route

Question 11

Cocaine base,or "freebase," is _____ soluble.

A)water
B)lipid
C)both water and lipid
D)neither water or lipid

Question 12

Crack cocaine is produced by mixing _____ with _____.

A)coca paste; baking soda
B)coca paste; salt
C)cocaine hydrochloride; baking soda
D)cocaine hydrochloride; a salt

Question 13

Which of the following administration routes for cocaine has the LONGEST duration of "high"?

A)The oral route
B)By smoking cocaine
C)The intranasal route
D)The intravenous route

Question 14

Coca paste contains about _____ percent cocaine.

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 15

The psychostimulants are thought to act primarily through the __________ neurotransmitter.

A)norepinephrine
B)serotonin
C)acetylcholine
D)dopamine

Question 16

The Erythroxylon coca plant originates from:

A)Asia.
B)Europe.
C)North America.
D)South America.

Question 17

Coca paste is usually treated with _____ to form the less potent _____ salt.

A)hydrochloric acid; water soluble
B)hydrochloric acid; lipid soluble
C)baking soda; water soluble
D)baking soda; lipid soluble

Question 18

Sigmund Freud encouraged the use of cocaine to treat:

A)anxiety
B)panic attacks
C)bipolar disorder
D)depression

Question 19

Coca paste is usually treated with _____ to form the less potent water soluble_____.

A)hydrochloric acid; base
B)hydrochloric acid; salt
C)baking soda; base
D)baking soda; salt

Question 20

Consuming lime while chewing coca leaves results in:

A)desserts.
B)"energy" foods.
C)beverages.
D)vitamin supplements.

Question 21

Cocaine's role __________ is one of the drug's beneficial effects.

A)as a local anesthesia
B)in vasodilation.
C)in stimulating the peripheral nervous system.
D)as a cardiac stimulant.

Question 22

The positive reinforcing effects of cocaine are most likely the result of action on the neurotransmitter:

A)norepinephrine.
B)dopamine.
C)serotonin.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 23

Butyrylcholinesterase the major enzyme for metabolizing _____.

A)acetylcholine
B)GABA
C)cocaine
D)benzoylecgonine

Question 24

The effects of cocaine primarily involve the __________ neurotransmitter.

A)serotonin
B)acetylcholine
C)dopamine
D)GABA

Question 25

Cocaine is _____ metabolized into an _____ metabolite.

A)slowly; active
B)rapidly; active
C)slowly; inactive
D)rapidly; inactive

Question 26

Because it is __________,cocaine hydrochloride does not cross mucus membranes well.

A)cocaethanol
B)ethylcocaine
C)cocaoethylene
D)cocaethylene

Question 27

When snorting,the effect of cocaine on blood vessels is responsible for the:

A)slow speed of onset only.
B)slow speed of onset and small percentage absorbed.
C)high speed of onset only.
D)high speed of onset and small percentage absorbed.

Question 28

Brain imaging studies suggest that the commonly abused dose of cocaine blocks:

A)only about 20 percent of dopamine transporters.
B)about 30 percent of dopamine transporters.
C)more than 60 percent of dopamine transporters.
D)virtually all dopamine receptors in the brain.

Question 29

The unique ester of benzoylecgonine is produced when enzymes in the:

A)liver metabolize cocaine.
B)liver metabolize ethyl alcohol.
C)plasma metabolize cocaine.
D)liver metabolize cocaine and ethyl alcohol.

Question 30

Cocaethylene is a very potent blocker of _____ channels in the heart.

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)calcium
D)chloride

Question 31

Modafinil (Provigil)is a _____ stimulant used to promote _____.

A)amphetamine; sleep
B)amphetamine; alertness
C)nonamphetamine; wakefulness
D)nonamphetamine; eating

Question 32

Cocaine acts through all of the following neurotransmitters EXCEPT:

A)norepinephrine.
B)serotonin.
C)dopamine.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 33

The combination of cocaine and ethanol:

A)forms a compound that is more toxic than cocaine.
B)forms a compound that potentiates cocaine's toxicity.
C)produces a metabolite in liver that is more toxic than and potentiates the effects of cocaine.
D)forms a compound that inhibits the central nervous system effects of cocaine.

Question 34

Which of the following administration routes for cocaine has the LOWEST average acute dose?

A)the oral route
B)by smoking cocaine
C)the intranasal route
D)the intravenous route

Question 35

Because the cocaine __________,the drug poorly crosses the mucosal membrane.

A)is water-soluble in its hydrochloride form
B)molecules are too small to pass through mucosal membranes
C)is a potent vasodilator
D)is a potent vasoconstrictor

Question 36

Cocaine's major mechanism of action is:

A)receptor stimulation.
B)receptor blockade.
C)enzyme inhibition.
D)reuptake blockade.

Question 37

As opposed to powder cocaine,crack cocaine:

A)acts on different receptors in the brain.
B)acts at different sites in the brain.
C)has a lower ceiling effect.
D)has a more rapid speed of onset.

Question 38

Cocaine has all of the following properties EXCEPT being a:

A)vasodilator.
B)psychostimulant.
C)potent local anesthetic.
D)cardiac depressant.

Question 39

Of the following brain sites,the __________ is most clearly associated with a drug's positive reinforcing action.

A)amygdala
B)nucleus accumbens
C)preorbital cortex
D)insula

Question 40

Cocaine's major mechanism of action in the synapse is _____ of _____.

A)exocytosis stimulation; dopamine
B)receptor stimulation; glutamate
C)receptor blockade; GABA
D)reuptake blockade; dopamine

Question 41

Dependence on cocaine can produce _____ brain damage of _____.

A)localized; white matter
B)localized; gray matter
C)widespread; white matter
D)widespread; gray matter

Question 42

Cocaine-dependent individuals may suffer from all of the following comorbid conditions EXCEPT:

A)panic attacks.
B)PTSD.
C)ADHD.
D)bipolar disorder.

Question 43

In pregnant females,cocaine crosses the placenta resulting in the presence of all of the following in the fetus EXCEPT:

A)benzoilecgonine.
B)norcocaine.
C)cocaethylene.
D)cocaine.

Question 44

Children born to cocaine-dependent mothers have an increased probability of starting to use drugs.This effect has been correlated with:

A)maternal attachment issues.
B)personality changes associate with cocaine exposure.
C)emotional expressivity issues.
D)decreased gray matter volume.

Question 45

High doses of cocaine,especially over longer periods of time,induce symptoms remarkably similar to:

A)ADHD.
B)depression.
C)hebephrenia.
D)paranoid schizophrenia.

Question 46

Heavy cocaine use leads to:

A)chronically dilated pupils.
B)cardiac arrhythmias.
C)higher diastolic blood pressure.
D)aortic softening.

Question 47

Infants exposed to cocaine in utero are more likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT:

A)congenital abnormalities.
B)cardiac abnormalities.
C)brain malformations.
D)cleft palate.

Question 48

The acute effects of cocaine include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)euphoria.
B)appetite suppression.
C)decreased activity.
D)positive feelings.

Question 49

Prenatal cocaine exposure may:

A)enhance attentiveness in an infant.
B)facilitate emotional expressivity in a child.
C)increase the probability of adolescent delinquency.
D)reduce the possibility of ADHD in the child.

Question 50

A pregnant female who binges on cocaine during the first trimester:

A)may cause lower birth weight for her newborn.
B)may cause decreased head circumference.
C)will likely cause the child to be smaller at birth.
D)may induce a spontaneous abortion.

Question 51

After the acute effects of cocaine wear off,heavy users of cocaine experience:

A)sexual dysfunction.
B)enhanced awareness.
C)visual hallucinations.
D)auditory hallucinations.

Question 52

Intravenous cocaine users will often take ______ simultaneously to reduce the jitteriness caused by cocaine.

A)alcohol
B)heroin
C)morphine
D)marijuana

Question 53

The therapeutic use of amphetamine include:

A)the treatment of narcolepsy.
B)the treatment of ADHD.
C)appetite suppression.
D)the treatment of narcolepsy and ADHD.

Question 54

Currently,amphetamine is legitimately used to treat:

A)depression.
B)bipolar disorder.
C)ADHD.
D)PTSD.

Question 55

Perhaps the most common toxic effects observed in heavy cocaine users are to the:

A)liver.
B)kidneys.
C)digestive tract.
D)cardiovascular system.

Question 56

Cocaine-induced psychosis can result in a sensation called ______,which feels like insects crawling beneath the skin.

A)paranoia
B)formication
C)"the rush"
D)"the freeze"

Question 57

__________ is an obvious clinical sign of cocaine usage.

A)Pinpoint pupils
B)Dilated pupils
C)Hypotension
D)Low body temperature

Question 58

Alice is a heavy cocaine user,often binging for days at a time.She recently discovered that she is pregnant.Given that it is early in her pregnancy,her pattern of cocaine use will likely result in:

A)congenital anomalies.
B)a low birth weight for the child.
C)decreased head circumference for the child.
D)a spontaneous abortion.

Question 59

The effects of cocaine that are related to the cardiovascular system include all of the following EXCEPT increased:

A)heart rate.
B)blood flow to muscles.
C)blood flow to all brain sites.
D)blood pressure.

Question 60

__________ is the most common psychological deficit observed in cocaine-dependent users.

A)Memory
B)Motor behavior
C)Language processing
D)Sleep quality

Question 61

Amphetamine __________ compared to cocaine.

A)is more lipid soluble
B)also acts as a local anesthetic
C)has a longer half-life
D)is less potent

Question 62

High doses of amphetamine are thought to stimulate:

A)release of norepinephrine.
B)reuptake of norepinephrine.
C)release of dopamine.
D)reuptake of dopamine.

Question 63

At low doses,all amphetamines have the following effects EXCEPT to:

A)decrease blood pressure.
B)relax bronchial muscles.
C)inhibit eating.
D)act as a powerful stimulant.

Question 64

All of the following are crystalline forms of methamphetamine EXCEPT:

A)"ice."
B)"go."
C)"rush."
D)"crystal."

Question 65

Amphetamine abuse declined in the 1960s and 1970s.Which of the following statements is NOT one of the reasons?

A)Drug companies decreased production of the drug.
B)Users recognized that compulsive amphetamine use was dangerous.
C)The focus on treating depression with amphetamine declined because better antidepressants were introduced.
D)A new street drug,a smokable form of amphetamine called "ice," became popular.

Question 66

In the early 1900s,ephredrine was originally used to treat:

A)narcolepsy.
B)ADHD.
C)appetite control.
D)asthma.

Question 67

Stereotypical behaviors result from _____ doses of amphetamine.

A)acute low
B)chronic low
C)acute high
D)chronic high

Question 68

With the street name "__________," is the smokable crystalline form of methamphetamine.

A)ice
B)crack
C)crank
D)crystal

Question 69

At low doses,amphetamine's major mechanism of action is:

A)direct receptor stimulation.
B)receptor blockade.
C)enhanced reuptake.
D)increased release of dopamine.

Question 70

In the 1960s,"speed" was commonly abused.But its use began to decline in the 1970s for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A)better antidepressants were developed.
B)drug companies altered the formulation of amphetamine.
C)drug companies reduced production of the drug.
D)users realized the dangers of compulsive use.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT an effect produced by normal doses of amphetamine?

A)Amphetamine interacts with storage vesicles that stimulate the release of dopamine into the synapse.
B)Amphetamine binds to monoamine oxidase (MAO),which prevents the degradation of dopamine.
C)Amphetamine induces the release of dopamine by binding to the presynaptic membrane.
D)Amphetamine binds to the presynaptic dopamine transporter and effectively causes the receptor to extrude dopamine.

Question 72

The pharmacological response to amphetamines will vary based on all of the following factors EXCEPT the:

A)dose.
B)specific type of amphetamine.
C)route of administration.
D)frequency of use.

Question 73

Withdrawal symptoms of amphetamine dependency include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)increased appetite.
B)decreased energy.
C)increased need for sleep.
D)altered pain threshold.

Question 74

Chronic methamphetamine use results in _____ gray matter and _____ white matter in the brain.

A)decreased; decreased
B)decreased; increased
C)increased; decreased
D)increased; increased

Question 75

Chronic methamphetamine use results in _____ ventricle size and _____ white matter in the brain.

A)decreased; decreased
B)decreased; increased
C)increased; decreased
D)increased; increased

Question 76

The net effect of amphetamine is most likely the result of action on the __________ neurotransmitter.

A)norepinephrine
B)dopamine
C)serotonin
D)acetylcholine

Question 77

"Ice" is to methamphetamine as ____ is to ____.

A)cocaine; amphetamine
B)cocaine; "crack"
C)"ice"; "crack"
D)"crack"; cocaine

Question 78

The effects of __________ are indistinguishable from those of cocaine.

A)anxiolytics
B)sedatives
C)hallucinogens
D)amphetamines

Question 79

Methamphetamine was originally synthesized from:

A)ma-huang.
B)cocaine.
C)Benzedrine.
D)ephedrine.

Question 80

Chronic methamphetamine use results in:

A)increased white matter volume.
B)increased gray matter volume.
C)decreased white matter volume.
D)decreased ventricular volume.