Deck 2: The Neuron, synaptic Transmission, and Neurotransmitters

Question 1

The term ataxia refers to:

A)increased fatigue.
B)increased respiration.
C)decreased respiration.
D)decreased coordination.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Danika was recently in a car accident and received a blow to the back of the head.She now exhibits ataxia when she walks,which suggests that there has been further damage to her:

A)hypothalamus.
B)cerebellum.
C)amygdala.
D)tectum.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What component of the human nervous system is known as the "information highway of the body"?

A)midbrain
B)spinal cord
C)central nervous system
D)peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The two subdivisions of the hindbrain are the:

A)myelencephalon and diencephalon.
B)myelencephalon and metencephalon.
C)diencephalon and telencephalon.
D)telencephalon and metencephalon.

Question 5

The "roof" of the midbrain is known as the:

A)cerebellum.
B)tegmentum.
C)substantia nigra.
D)tectum.

Question 6

All of the following are considered primary divisions of the brain EXCEPT the:

A)hindbrain.
B)mesencephalon.
C)diencephalon.
D)forebrain.

Question 7

The thalamus and hypothalamus are the two subdivisions of the:

A)myelencephalon.
B)metencephalon.
C)diencephalon.
D)telencephalon.

Question 8

The "reward circuit" in the brain is the:

A)tectum.
B)tegmentum.
C)substantia nigra.
D)ventral tegmental area.

Question 9

The brainstem consists of the following nuclei EXCEPT the:

A)midbrain.
B)cerebellum.
C)pons.
D)medulla.

Question 10

The brain stem is involved in all of the following functions EXCEPT:

A)attention.
B)filtering.
C)arousal.
D)behavioral alerting (vigilance).

Question 11

All of the following are hypothalamic functions EXCEPT:

A)motor control.
B)body temperature regulation.
C)drinking regulation.
D)sexual behavior.

Question 12

The two main divisions of the human nervous system are the:

A)central and peripheral.
B)central nervous system and diencephalon.
C)diencephalon and telencephalon.
D)myelencephalon and metencephalon.

Question 13

The _____ is part of the limbic system and contains dopamine.

A)tectum
B)tegmentum
C)substantia nigra
D)ventral tegmental area

Question 14

Which of the following statements is NOT a function of the spinal cord as it relates to the body,that is,skin,muscles,joints,and internal organs?

A)The spinal cord carries sensory information from the body to the brain.
B)The spinal cord carries motor information from the brain to the body.
C)The spinal cord modulates sensory information en route from the body to the brain.
D)The spinal cord initiates motor commands to the body.

Question 15

The two nuclei within the midbrain are the:

A)tectum and tegmentum.
B)tectum and ventral tegmental area.
C)substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
D)tegmentum and substantia nigra.

Question 16

All of the following are functions of the spinal cord EXCEPT to:

A)organize motor outflow to muscles.
B)carry sensory information from the skin.
C)provide autonomic control of vital body functions.
D)regulate sleep and wake states.

Question 17

Releasing factors are produced by the:

A)substantia nigra.
B)ventral tegmental area.
C)cerebellum.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 18

The diencephalon includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)hypothalamus.
B)pituitary gland.
C)subthalamus.
D)cerebrum.

Question 19

The two subdivisions of the forebrain are the:

A)myelencephalon and diencephalon.
B)myelencephalon and metencephalon.
C)diencephalon and telencephalon.
D)telencephalon and metencephalon.

Question 20

The cerebellum is important for:

A)blood pressure.
B)respiration.
C)movement and posture.
D)sleep and wake states.

Question 21

The frontal cortex is responsible for:

A)hearing.
B)vision.
C)working memory.
D)sensory perception.

Question 22

All of the following are the major structures of the basal ganglia EXCEPT for the:

A)globus pallidus.
B)thalamus.
C)putamen.
D)caudate nucleus.

Question 23

Which brain region is involved in emotional processing?

A)amygdala
B)thalamus
C)hypothalamus
D)hippocampus

Question 24

The hypothalamus controls the following functions EXCEPT:

A)eating.
B)drinking.
C)body temperature.
D)sensation.

Question 25

The hypothalamus is a motivating force behind all the following behaviors,EXCEPT:

A)the drive to eat.
B)the drive to drink.
C)the drive for sex.
D)the rage response.

Question 26

All of the following are tasks related to the dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex EXCEPT:

A)planning.
B)executive functions.
C)working memory.
D)sensory perception.

Question 27

The anterior cingulate cortex is responsible for:

A)integrating sensory,motor,and emotional information.
B)regulating heart rate,blood pressure,and respiration.
C)motivating learning and facing challenges.
D)monitoring empathy,fairness,and social context.

Question 28

The relay station between multiple subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex is the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)thalamus.
C)amygdala.
D)basal ganglia.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a member of the limbic system?

A)hypothalamus
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)dopamine-rich reward centers

Question 30

The main function of the basal ganglia is:

A)regulating sleep and wake states.
B)gating of sensory information.
C)integration of movement.
D)modulating emotions.

Question 31

The temporal cortex is responsible for:

A)hearing.
B)vision.
C)working memory.
D)sensory perception.

Question 32

The second major subdivision of the telencephalon is the:

A)limbic system.
B)pons.
C)cerebellum.
D)medulla.

Question 33

The posterior cingulate cortex is responsible for:

A)integrating sensory,motor,and emotional information.
B)regulating heart rate,blood pressure,and respiration.
C)motivating learning and facing challenges.
D)monitoring empathy,fairness,and social context.

Question 34

The cingulate cortex is responsible for:

A)integrating sensory,motor,and emotional information.
B)regulating heart rate,blood pressure,and respiration.
C)motivating learning and facing challenges.
D)monitoring empathy,fairness,and social context.

Question 35

The basal ganglia and the limbic system are the two subdivisions of the:

A)myelencephalon.
B)metencephalon.
C)diencephalon.
D)telencephalon.

Question 36

The __________ relays sensory signals to the cortex.

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)spinal cord
D)cerebellum

Question 37

The occipital cortex is responsible for:

A)hearing
B)vision
C)working memory
D)sensory perception

Question 38

The parietal cortex is responsible for:

A)hearing.
B)vision.
C)working memory.
D)sensory perception.

Question 39

The major structures of the basal ganglia are sometimes collectively referred to as the:

A)corpus callosum.
B)corpus striatum.
C)corpus christi.
D)motor nuclei.

Question 40

All of the following are the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex EXCEPT:

A)frontal.
B)temporal.
C)parietal.
D)orbital.

Question 41

Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

A)astrocytes
B)oligodendrocytes
C)ependymal cells
D)microglial cells

Question 42

All of the following are roles of astrocytes EXCEPT:

A)modulate signal transmission
B)form the myelin sheath
C)synapse formation
D)promote recovery after injury

Question 43

Extensive pruning of neurons is characteristic of disorders,such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.This is likely to involve:

A)astrocytes.
B)oligodendrocytes.
C)ependymal cells.
D)microglial cells.

Question 44

The Human Connectome Project is an investigation of the connections between:

A)romantic relationships.
B)social groups.
C)memory and language.
D)various brain regions.

Question 45

All of the following are tasks related to the dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex EXCEPT:

A)decision making.
B)emotion regulation.
C)working memory.
D)cognitive flexibility.

Question 46

In a neuron,the dendrites _______ signals,while the axon _______ signals.

A)delay; amplifies
B)amplify; delays
C)receive; transmits
D)transmit receives

Question 47

Von Economo neurons are located in the:

A)ventral-lateral prefrontal cortex.
B)dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex.
C)insular cortex.
D)temporal cortex.

Question 48

Which of the following indicates the correct order of information traveling through a neuron?

A)Axon; soma; dendrites
B)Soma; dendrites; axon
C)Soma; axon; dendrites
D)Dendrites; soma; axon

Question 49

All of the following are roles of microglia EXCEPT for:

A)pruning neurons.
B)forming the myelin sheath.
C)cleaning up damaged cells.
D)cleaning up debris.

Question 50

The myelin sheath covers the:

A)soma.
B)dendrites.
C)axon.
D)axon terminal.

Question 51

The two main cell types in the central nervous system are:

A)astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
B)neurons and glial cells.
C)glial cells and microglial cells.
D)ependymal and microglial cells.

Question 52

The myelin sheath _______ signals.

A)delays
B)speeds up
C)blocks
D)amplifies

Question 53

Which of the following roles best describes glial cells?

A)support and protection
B)relay sensory signals
C)emotional processing
D)memory processing

Question 54

The nucleus of a neural cell is found in the:

A)soma.
B)dendrite.
C)axon.
D)presynaptic terminal.

Question 55

All of the following are roles of astrocytes EXCEPT for those that:

A)provide nutrients.
B)maintain the extracellular environment.
C)regulate neurotransmitter reuptake.
D)clean up waste products.

Question 56

The ventral-lateral prefrontal cortex is responsible for:

A)motor control.
B)evaluating rewards.
C)working memory.
D)motivation and emotions.

Question 57

The basic cellular unit of the central nervous system is the:

A)nerve.
B)tract.
C)axon.
D)neuron.

Question 58

Which glial cell provides structural support to the central nervous system?

A)astrocytes
B)oligodendrocytes
C)ependymal cells
D)microglial cells

Question 59

The insular cortex is known to process the sense of:

A)ventral-lateral prefrontal cortex.
B)dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex.
C)insular cortex.
D)temporal cortex.

Question 60

The organelles of a neuron is found in the:

A)soma.
B)dendrite.
C)axon.
D)presynaptic terminal.

Question 61

Synaptic transmission is a(n)_______ process,and the action potential is a(n)_______ process.

A)diffusion; enzymatic
B)enzymatic; diffusion
C)electrical; chemical
D)chemical; electrical

Question 62

One of the important roles that autoreceptors have in synaptic transmission is to:

A)reduce neurotransmitters.
B)increase neurotransmitters.
C)slow the action potential.
D)speed up the action potential.

Question 63

Which of the following indicates the correct order of information traveling between two neurons?

A)Receptor attachment,diffuse across synapse,exocytosis
B)Exocytosis,diffuse across synapse,receptor attachment
C)Exocytosis,receptor attachment,diffuse across synapse
D)Diffuse across synapse,receptor attachment,exocytosis

Question 64

Catecholamines and indoleamines are subtypes of:

A)purines.
B)opioids.
C)monoamines.
D)indoleamines.

Question 65

If an antagonist blocks an autoreceptor,neurotransmitters are:

A)increased.
B)blocked.
C)metabolized.
D)reuptaked.

Question 66

Which of the following indicates the correct order of information traveling between two neurons?

A)Synaptic cleft,dendrite terminal,axon terminal
B)Synaptic cleft,axon terminal,dendrite terminal
C)Axon terminal,synaptic cleft,dendrite terminal
D)Dendrite terminal,synaptic cleft,axon terminal

Question 67

In neurophysiology,exocytosis applies to:

A)the neural cell body.
B)the presynaptic terminal of the neural cell.
C)the vesicles of the neural cell.
D)both the presynaptic terminal and the vesicles of the neural cell.

Question 68

Synaptic vesicles contain:

A)organelles.
B)microglia.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)enzymes

Question 69

Autoreceptors are located:

A)inside the presynaptic terminal.
B)outside the presynaptic terminal.
C)inside the postsynaptic terminal.
D)outside the postsynaptic terminal.

Question 70

When vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane,__________ occurs,that is,the release of the neurotransmitter into the synapse.

A)endocytosis
B)exocytosis
C)synaptic transmission
D)transport

Question 71

During synaptic transmission,_______ would cause the ion channels to open,and _______ would cause the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane.

A)an action potential; neurotransmitters
B)enzymes; an action potential
C)an action potential; calcium
D)calcium; enzymes

Question 72

Exocytosis is initially triggered by:

A)the synapse.
B)enzymes.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)the action potential.

Question 73

Neurogenesis refers to:

A)formation of new neurons.
B)rejuvenation of old neurons
C)coating of the myelin sheath
D)formation of a new axon

Question 74

If an antagonist blocks an autoreceptor,neurotransmitters are:

A)increased.
B)blocked.
C)metabolized.
D)reuptaked.

Question 75

The conduction velocity of two neurons was compared.The action potential was conducted much faster in Neuron A than in Neuron B.These data suggest that:

A)Neuron A is shorter than Neuron B.
B)Neuron B must possess a myelin sheath.
C)Neuron B is found in the spinal cord.
D)Neuron A possesses a myelin sheath.

Question 76

When ion channels open along the presynaptic terminal,_______ tends to _______.

A)neurotransmitters; enter the cell.
B)neurotransmitters; exit the cell.
C)calcium; enter the cell.
D)calcium; exit the cell.

Question 77

The two main categories of monoamines are:

A)acetylcholine and catecholamines.
B)enkephalins and endorphins.
C)indoleamines and catecholamines.
D)acetylcholine and indoleamines.

Question 78

Neurotransmitters are stored in the:

A)presynaptic terminal.
B)postsynaptic terminal.
C)soma.
D)dendrites.

Question 79

Autoreceptors also function to:

A)enhance synthesis and release of neurotransmitter.
B)reduce the synthesis and additional release of neurotransmitter.
C)reduce binding at the postsynaptic receptor and produce inhibition at the synapse.
D)augment synaptic transmission.

Question 80

A single neuron may have many _______ and only one _______.

A)axons; dendrite
B)dendrites; axon
C)myelin sheaths; soma
D)somas; myelin sheath