Deck 17: Fatty Acid Catabolism

Question 1

In $\beta$ oxidation, which cofactor is required for the conversion of a $\beta$ -hydroxyacyl-CoA to a $\beta$ -ketoacyl-CoA?

A) NAD⁺
B) FAD
C) H₂O
D) CoA-SH
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

NAD⁺

Question 2

What is the extra product resulting from the $\beta$ oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 19 carbons as compared to that of a fatty acid with 18 carbons?

A) acetoacetyl-CoA
B) succinyl-CoA
C) acetyl-CoA
D) malonyl-CoA
E) propionyl-CoA

Answer 2

propionyl-CoA

Question 3

In the following equation, which substance is being reduced?

A) $\beta$ -ketoacyl-CoA
B) l- $\beta$ -hydroxy-acyl-CoA
C) NADH
D) NAD⁺
E) H⁺

Answer 3

NAD⁺

Question 4

What is the major site of the formation of $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate from fatty acids?

A) intestinal mucosa
B) kidney
C) liver
D) adipose tissue
E) skeletal muscle

Question 5

Which statement(s) about lipases is/are TRUE?

Question 6

Which statement is FALSE regarding ketone bodies?

A) During prolonged starvation, the brain adapts to using ketone bodies as a fuel.
B) Excess acetone production during ketoacidosis is exhaled through the lungs.
C) Ketone bodies can be used as a carbon source for fatty acid synthesis.
D) Ketone bodies can be converted to glucose during ketosis.
E) Ketone bodies are formed when the glucagon/insulin ratio is high.

Question 7

How much carbon dioxide is produced from the complete aerobic catabolism of one molecule of linoleate via catabolic pathways?

A) 18 CO₂
B) 17 CO₂
C) 16 CO₂
D) 15 CO₂
E) 8 CO₂

Question 8

In solution at pH 6.5, palmitate has an overall negative charge. This means that the pK_a of palmitate is:

A) < 6.5.
B) > 6.5.
C) 6.5.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

Which statement is TRUE regarding fatty acids in adipocytes?

A) They are primarily bound to albumin and stored in lipid droplets.
B) They cannot be oxidized for energy in this tissue.
C) In adipocytes, fatty acids from the bloodstream are assembled into triglycerides by esterifying them to glycerol.
D) There is constant movement of fatty acids in and out of adipose tissues that is independent of hormone signals.
E) All of the statements are true.

Question 10

If 1 mol of a fatty acyl-CoA containing 20 carbon atoms undergoes three rounds of $\beta$ oxidation, how many mol of ATP are produced from the complete aerobic catabolism of the products of these three rounds? (The remaining acyl-CoA is NOT catabolized further.)

A) 12 ATP
B) 30 ATP
C) 34.5 ATP
D) 37.5 ATP
E) 42 ATP

Question 11

In $\beta$ oxidation, which cofactor is required for the conversion of a $\beta$ -ketoacyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA and an acetyl-CoA molecule?

A) NAD⁺
B) FAD
C) H₂O
D) CoA-SH
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 12

How many molecules of water are produced by the electron-transport chain during the complete aerobic oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitate?

A) 14 H₂O
B) 27 H₂O
C) 32 H₂O
D) 41 H₂O
E) 46 H₂O

Question 13

What is the role of lipoprotein lipase?

A) It hydrolyzes triacylglycerols of plasma lipoproteins to supply fatty acids to various tissues.
B) It aids intestinal uptake of dietary fat.
C) It initiates intracellular lipid breakdown of lipoproteins.
D) It degrades lipoproteins in order to supply needed amino acids to various tissues.
E) It acts to regenerate lipoprotein particles in hepatocytes.

Question 14

In $\beta$ oxidation, which cofactor is required for the conversion of a trans- $\Delta$ ²-enoyl-CoA to a $\beta$ -hydroxyacyl-CoA?

A) NAD⁺
B) FAD
C) H₂O
D) CoA-SH
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

In mammals, which intermediate of carbohydrate metabolism CANNOT relieve ketosis?

A) lactate
B) acetyl-CoA
C) fumarate
D) glycerol
E) succinyl-CoA

Question 16

What is the symbol for the fatty acid shown in the figure?

A) 17:2 $\Delta$ ^{8, 11}
B) 17:2 $\Delta$ ^{8, 10}
C) 18:2 $\Delta$ ^{9, 11}
D) 18:2 $\Delta$ ^{9, 12}
E) 19:2 $\Delta$ ^{10, 13}

Question 17

Two amino acids whose carbon backbones are strictly ketogenic are:

A) aspartate and alanine.
B) lysine and leucine.
C) glutamate and glutamine.
D) serine and threonine.
E) valine and cysteine.

Question 18

Which statement about lipolysis in adipocytes is FALSE?

A) The rate is determined by the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase.
B) It is activated in response to phosphorylation of the rate-limiting enzyme.
C) Lipolysis results in the release of fatty acids and glycerol into the blood stream.
D) The activity of hormone-sensitive lipase is increased in response to a glucagon signal.
E) Dephosphorylation of perilipins allows for hormone-sensitive lipase to access lipid droplets.

Question 19

Which statement is FALSE regarding the catabolic oxidation of 1 mol of palmitate?

A) 8 mol of acetyl-CoA are formed.
B) AMP and 2 P_i are formed in the cytosol.
C) The oxidation reactions occur in the mitochondria.
D) 8 mol of H₂O are required.
E) Carnitine is required for the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 20

If the fatty acid 16:0 is catabolized completely, to carbon dioxide and water, the net yield of ATP per molecule of fatty acid is _____ ATP.

A) 90.5
B) 97.5
C) 88.5
D) 106
E) 108

Question 21

In which cellular compartment are ketone bodies synthesized?

A) the cytosol
B) the mitochondrial matrix
C) the mitochondrial intermembrane space
D) the endoplasmic reticulum
E) peroxisomes

Question 22

Some athletes believe that dietary carnitine supplements will enhance their ability to perform aerobic exercise. Which statement BEST describes the "scientific" basis of this belief?

A) Carnitine is required in the transport of medium and long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, and so increasing the amount of carnitine will increase the rate of transport.
B) Carnitine activates carnitine-acyl transferase-1 (CAT-I) thereby increasing the rate of transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix.
C) Carnitine levels in the cytoplasm are reduced when large amounts of fatty acyl carnitine are transported into the mitochondrial matrix.
D) Carnitine enhances the activation of fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA, thereby increasing the rate of their transport into the mitochondrial matrix.
E) Carnitine is an allosteric activator of CAT II.

Question 23

What products from the oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids enter the citric acid cycle?

A) acetyl-CoA and citrate
B) acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA
C) acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA
D) acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA
E) succinyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA

Question 24

The consumption of palmitoyl-CoA by $\beta$ oxidation is decreased under which conditions?

A) the concentration of NAD⁺ being high in the matrix
B) the concentration of ADP being high in the matrix
C) the mitochondrial ATP synthase being inactive
D) NADH being rapidly reoxidized via the electron-transport chain
E) the concentrations of both NAD⁺ and ADP being high

Question 25

Which statement is FALSE regarding the entry of long-chained fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix?

A) It is not a rate-limiting step in the oxidation of these fatty acids.
B) It is regulated by the concentrations of malonyl-CoA.
C) The cytosolic and matrix pools of coenzyme A are distinct and separate.
D) Once these fatty acyl molecules are in the matrix, they are committed to $\beta$ oxidation.
E) Patients with a carnitine deficiency likely require a high-carbohydrate diet supplemented with short- and medium-chain triglycerides.

Question 26

If the fatty acid 12:1 ^{$\Delta$ 7} is completely catabolized to CO₂ and H₂O, what would be the gross yield of ATP?

A) 60 ATP
B) 76.5 ATP
C) 78 ATP
D) 78.5 ATP
E) 80 ATP

Question 27

Various irreversible reactions "drive" processes bioenergetically. What is one such driving force leading to the formation of an acyl-CoA molecule?

A) pyrophosphate hydrolysis
B) thioester deacylation
C) phosphoanhydride coupling
D) enol to keto tautomeriztion
E) concomitant decarboxylation

Question 28

Which enzyme is involved in activation of fatty acids in the cytosol?

A) acyl-CoA synthetase
B) inorganic pyrophosphatase
C) carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT I)
D) both acyl-CoA synthetase and inorganic pyrophosphatase
E) both inorganic pyrophosphatase and carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT I)

Question 29

If the fatty acid 14:1 ^{$\Delta$ 7} is completely catabolized to CO₂ and H₂O, what would be the net yield of ATP?

A) 90.5 ATP
B) 92 ATP
C) 92.5 ATP
D) 94 ATP
E) 94.5 ATP

Question 30

Which process is NOT a step in the catabolism of an even-chain fatty acid?

A) formation of a thioester linkage involving a fatty acyl molecule
B) catlyzation of a transesterification reaction by CAT II
C) isomerization of a cis- $\Delta$ ³-double bond to a trans- $\Delta$ ²-double bond
D) cleavage by thiolase yielding two acetyl-CoA molecules
E) dehydrogenation by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase yielding NADH

Question 31

Where is the major site of ketogenesis in mammals?

A) the brain
B) the liver
C) adipose tissue
D) skeletal muscle
E) both the liver and adipose tissue

Question 32

What role does serum albumin play in fat metabolism?

A) It is a component of the chylomicron lipoprotein.
B) It acts as a carrier for free fatty acids in the bloodstream.
C) It binds hormone-sensitive lipase that is responsible for the release of triglycerides from adipocytes.
D) It is involved in the transport of short-chained fatty acids across the plasma membrane.
E) It is important in the transport of ketone bodies from the liver to the brain.

Question 33

What compounds are required for the transport of ketones from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix?

A) ATP, carnitine, and coenzyme A.
B) ATP, coenzyme A, and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
C) ATP, citrate, and carnitine acyltransferase I.
D) carnitine, coenzyme A, and thiolase
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 34

In the liver, which enzyme is NOT required in the catabolism of glycerol?

A) glycerol kinase
B) triose phosphate isomerase
C) hexokinase
D) pyruvate kinase
E) citrate synthase

Question 35

Which statement is TRUE regarding the regulation of $\beta$ oxidation?

A) AMPK activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which leads to the inhibition of $\beta$ oxidation.
B) A buildup in the levels of acety-CoA inhibits the thiolysis reaction in $\beta$ oxidation.
C) High levels of NADP⁺ activate $\beta$ -hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
D) Malonyl-CoA inhibits CAT II, which leads to the inhibition of $\beta$ oxidation.
E) $\beta$ oxidation is enhanced in erythrocytes during starvation.

Question 36

Which statement regarding ketone bodies is FALSE?

A) The production of excess ketone bodies can cause a condition known as ketosis, which is associated with acidosis.
B) In hepatocytes, the production of ketone bodies is an anaplerotic process because the products of $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate oxidation can enter the citric acid cycle.
C) Ketone bodies are produced by the liver during starvation or in cases when insulin production is insufficient.
D) The production of ketone bodies increases when blood glucagon levels are elevated.
E) Ketone bodies are produced under metabolic conditions that are also associated with loss of muscle mass and enhanced gluconeogenesis.

Question 37

Which statement(s) about acetoacetate and -hydroxybutyrate is/are FALSE?

Question 38

What are the two major sites in animals for fatty acid catabolism?

A) the liver and the kidneys
B) the liver and the brain
C) skeletal muscle and the liver
D) adipose tissue and the liver
E) adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Question 39

In which cellular compartment is $\omega$ oxidation carried out?

A) the cytosol
B) the mitochondrial matrix
C) the mitochondrial intermembrane space
D) the endoplasmic reticulum
E) peroxisomes

Question 40

Which compound is NOT considered a "ketone body"?

A) acetoacetate
B) 3-hydroxybutyrate
C) acetone
D) dihydroxyacetone
E) $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate

Question 41

In hepatocytes, what is a possible fate of acetyl-CoA produced from the oxidation of a fatty acid?

A) oxidation via the citric acid cycle
B) use in ketogenesis
C) use in gluconeogenesis
D) both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in ketogenesis
E) both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in gluconeogenesis

Question 42

The role of hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase is to:

A) hydrolyze lipids stored in the liver.
B) hydrolyze membrane phospholipids in hormone-producing cells.
C) hydrolyze triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue.
D) synthesize lipids in adipose tissue.
E) synthesize triacylglycerols in the liver.

Question 43

In $\omega$ oxidation, which enzyme acts on the $\omega$ carbon?

A) a mixed-function oxidase
B) alcohol dehydrogenase
C) aldehyde dehydrogenase
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 44

Transport of fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix requires:

A) ATP, carnitine, and coenzyme A.
B) ATP, carnitine, and pyruvate dehydrogenase.
C) ATP, coenzyme A, and hexokinase.
D) ATP, coenzyme A, and pyruvate dehydrogenase.
E) carnitine, coenzyme A, and hexokinase.

Question 45

In myocytes, what is a possible fate of acetyl-CoA produced from the oxidation of a fatty acid?

A) oxidation via the citric acid cycle
B) use in ketogenesis
C) use in gluconeogenesis
D) both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in ketogenesis
E) both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in gluconeogenesis

Question 46

The glycerol produced from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides enters glycolysis as:

A) glucose.
B) glucose-6-phosphate.
C) dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
D) pyruvate.
E) glyceryl CoA.

Question 47

Saturated fatty acids are degraded by the stepwise reactions of $\beta$ oxidation, producing acetyl-CoA. Under aerobic conditions, how many ATP molecules would be produced as a consequence of removal of each acetyl-CoA?

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 48

Which statement(s) apply(ies) to the  oxidation of fatty acids?

Question 49

Which compound is able to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A) acetyl-CoA
B) fatty acyl-carnitine
C) fatty acyl-CoA
D) malonyl-CoA
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 50

Fatty acids are activated to acyl-CoAs and the acyl group is further transferred to carnitine because:

A) acyl-carnitines readily cross the mitochondrial inner membrane, but acyl-CoAs do not.
B) acyl-CoAs easily cross the mitochondrial membrane, but the fatty acids themselves will not.
C) carnitine is required to oxidize NAD⁺ to NADH.
D) fatty acids cannot be oxidized by FAD unless they are in the acyl-carnitine form.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 51

Carnitine is:

A) a 15-carbon fatty acid.
B) an essential cofactor for the citric acid cycle.
C) essential for intracellular transport of fatty acids.
D) one of the amino acids commonly found in protein.
E) present only in carnivorous animals.

Question 52

Which statement concerning the $\beta$ oxidation of fatty acids is TRUE?

A) About 1200 ATP molecules are ultimately produced per 20-carbon fatty acid oxidized.
B) One FADH₂ and two NADH are produced for each acetyl-CoA.
C) The free fatty acid must be carboxylated in the $\beta$ position by a biotin-dependent reaction before the process of $\beta$ oxidation commences.
D) The free fatty acid must be converted to a thioester before the process of $\beta$ oxidation commences.
E) Two NADH are produced for each acetyl-CoA.

Question 53

Complete oxidation of 1 mole of which fatty acid would yield the most ATP?

A) 16-carbon saturated fatty acid
B) 18-carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid
C) 16-carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid
D) 16-carbon poly-unsaturated fatty acid
E) 14-carbon saturated fatty acid

Question 54

Which form of a fatty acid is NOT found in the blood?

A) acyl-CoA
B) free fatty acid bound to albumin
C) a component of a chylomicron
D) a component of a triacylglycerol
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 55

Which pathway is likely to be affected by a deficiency in carnitine?

A) $\omega$ oxidation
B) $\beta$ oxidation
C) uptake of fatty acids from the bloodstream
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 56

Which compound is required by an enzyme in the $\beta$ -oxidation pathway in peroxisomes but not in the equivalent pathway in mitochondria?

A) NAD⁺
B) CoA-SH
C) O₂
D) FAD
E) H₂O

Question 57

Free fatty acids in the bloodstream are:

A) bound to hemoglobin.
B) carried by the protein serum albumin.
C) freely soluble in the aqueous phase of the blood.
D) nonexistent; the blood does not contain free fatty acids.
E) present at levels that are independent of epinephrine.

Question 58

What is the CORRECT order of function of the following enzymes of  oxidation?

Question 59

Lipoprotein lipase acts in:

A) hydrolysis of triacylglycerols of plasma lipoproteins to supply fatty acids to various tissues.
B) intestinal uptake of dietary fat.
C) intracellular lipid breakdown of lipoproteins.
D) lipoprotein breakdown to supply needed amino acids.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 60

Which statement is FALSE regarding $\beta$ oxidation in peroxisomes?

A) The peroxisomal system prefers very-long-chain fatty acids.
B) The NADH generated by $\beta$ -hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase must be exported for reoxidation.
C) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase passes its electrons directly to oxygen.
D) The acetyl-CoA produced by $\beta$ oxidation in peroxisomes is exported to for further oxidation.
E) The peroxisomal system can oxidize branched-chain fatty acids.

Question 61

The metabolite that regulates the activity of carnitine acyl transferase I is:

A) acetyl-CoA.
B) carnitine-CoA.
C) malonyl-CoA.
D) NADH.
E) CoA.

Question 62

Why is it more efficient to store energy as lipid, rather than as glycogen?

Question 63

In the first step of fatty acid oxidation, the fatty acid (R-COOH) is converted to its coenzyme A derivative in the following reaction:
R-COOH + ATP + CoA-SH $\rightarrow$ R-CO-S-CoA + AMP + PP_i
The standard free-energy change ( $\Delta$ G'°) for this reaction is -15 kJ/mol
What will tend to make the reaction even more favorable when it takes place within a cell?

Question 64

The following fatty acid, in which the indicated carbon is labeled with ¹⁴C, is fed to an animal: ¹⁴CH₃(CH₂)₉COOH
After allowing 30 minutes for fatty acid $\beta$ oxidation, the label would MOST likely be recovered in:

A) acetyl-CoA.
B) beta-hydroxy butyryl-CoA.
C) both acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA.
D) palmitoyl-CoA.
E) propionyl-CoA.

Question 65

Which compound is an intermediate of the $\beta$ oxidation of fatty acids?

A) CH₃-(CH₂)₂₀-CO-COOH
B) CH₃-CH₂-CO-CH₂-CO-OPO₃^2-
C) CH₃-CH₂-CO-CH₂-OH
D) CH₃-CH₂-CO-CO-S-CoA
E) CH₃-CO-CH₂-CO-S-CoA

Question 66

The oxidation of acetyl-CoA added to isolated, intact mitochondria is stimulated strongly by carnitine. Why?

Question 67

The balanced equation for the degradation of CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH via the $\beta$ -oxidation pathway is:

A) CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH + 5FAD + 5NAD⁺ + 6CoA-SH + 5H₂O + ATP $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 5FADH₂ + 5NADH + 5H⁺ + AMP + PP_i
B) CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH + 5FAD + 5NAD⁺ + 6CoA-SH + 5H₂O $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 5FADH₂ + 5NADH + 5H⁺
C) CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH + 6FAD + 6NAD⁺ + 6CoA-SH + 6H₂O + ATP $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 6FADH₂ + 6NADH + 6H⁺ + AMP + PP_i
D) CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH + 6FAD + 6NAD⁺ + 6CoA-SH + 6H₂O $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 6FADH₂ + 6NADH + 6H⁺

Question 68

If an aerobic organism (e.g., the bacterium E. coli) were fed each of the following four compounds as a source of energy, the energy yield per mole from these molecules would be in the order:

A) alanine > glucose > palmitate.
B) glucose > alanine > palmitate.
C) glucose > palmitate > alanine.
D) palmitate > alanine > glucose.
E) palmitate > glucose > alanine.

Question 69

When comparing the $\beta$ -oxidation and $\omega$ -oxidation pathways, which statement is CORRECT?

A) $\beta$ oxidation and $\omega$ oxidation occur in the cytoplasm.
B) $\beta$ oxidation occurs at the carboxyl end of the fatty acid, whereas $\omega$ oxidation occurs at the methyl end.
C) $\beta$ oxidation occurs at the methyl end of the fatty acid, whereas $\omega$ oxidation occurs at the carboxyl end.
D) $\beta$ oxidation occurs mainly in the cytoplasm, whereas $\omega$ oxidation occurs mainly in the mitochondria.
E) $\beta$ oxidation occurs mainly in the mitochondria, whereas $\omega$ oxidation occurs mainly in the cytoplasm.

Question 70

Which enzyme is the major regulatory control point for $\beta$ oxidation?

A) pyruvate carboxylase
B) carnitine acyl transferase I
C) acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase
D) enoyl-CoA isomerase
E) methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Question 71

The carbon atoms from a fatty acid with an odd number of carbons will enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl-CoA and:

A) butyrate.
B) citrate.
C) malate.
D) succinyl-CoA.
E) $\alpha$ -ketoglutarate.

Question 72

During $\beta$ oxidation of fatty acids, _____ is produced in peroxisomes but not in mitochondria.

A) acetyl-CoA
B) FADH₂
C) H₂O
D) H₂O₂
E) NADH

Question 73

The conversion of palmitoyl-CoA (16:0) to myristoyl-CoA (14:0) and 1 mol of acetyl-CoA by the $\beta$ -oxidation pathway results in the net formation of:

A) 1 FADH₂ and 1 NADH.
B) 1 FADH₂ and 1 NADPH.
C) 1 FADH₂, 1 NADH, and 1 ATP.
D) 2 FADH₂ and 2 NADH.
E) 2 FADH₂, 2 NADH, and 1 ATP.

Question 74

Explain why lipases are required in BOTH the intestine and in the bloodstream.

Question 75

Which statement is NOT true about vitamin B₁₂?

A) Vitamin B₁₂ contains a porphyrin ring.
B) Vitamin B₁₂ contains a carbon-cobalt bond.
C) Vitamin B₁₂ readily undergoes homolytic bond cleavage.
D) Deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ causes pernicious anemia.
E) Vitamin B₁₂ catalyzes hydrogen atom exchange with solvent H₂O.

Question 76

Which statement is NOT true regarding the oxidation of 1 mol of palmitate (16:0) by the $\beta$ -oxidation pathway?

A) 1 mol of ATP is needed.
B) 8 mol of acetyl-CoA are formed.
C) 8 mol of FADH₂ are formed.
D) AMP and PP_i are formed.
E) The reactions occur in the mitochondria.

Question 77

Ketone bodies are formed in the liver and transported to the extrahepatic tissues mainly as:

A) acetoacetyl-CoA.
B) acetone.
C) $\beta$ -hydroxybutyric acid.
D) $\beta$ -hydroxybutyryl-CoA.
E) lactic acid.

Question 78

In the disease sprue, vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) is poorly absorbed in the intestine, resulting in B₁₂ deficiency. If each of the following fatty acids were in the diet, for which one would the process of fatty acid oxidation be MOST affected in a patient with sprue?

A) CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH
B) CH₃(CH₂)₁₁COOH
C) CH₃(CH₂)₁₂COOH
D) CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COOH
E) CH₃(CH₂)₁₈COOH

Question 79

The major site of formation of acetoacetate from fatty acids is the:

A) adipose tissue.
B) intestinal mucosa.
C) kidney.
D) liver.
E) muscle.

Question 80

Describe the first two steps of $\beta$ oxidation of saturated fatty acids. Indicate where any cofactors participate.