Deck 14: The Major Motives of Life: Food, Love, Sex, and Work

Question 1

An example of intrinsic motivation is reading a textbook because

A)you want to earn an A on a test.
B)you want to avoid a D or F.
C)you enjoy reading it.
D)you are being paid to read it.

Answer 1

you enjoy reading it.

Question 2

Leona engages in activities only if she will receive a reward.She

A)has a need for affiliation.
B)is intrinsically motivated.
C)is extrinsically motivated.
D)is mastering a goal.

Answer 2

is extrinsically motivated.

Question 3

_______________ is the genetically influenced weight range for an individual,maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake,fat reserves,and metabolism.

A)Basal metabolism rate
B)Leptin
C)Anorexia nervosa
D)Set point

Answer 3

Set point

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsically motivated behavior?

A)reading a mystery book by your favorite author
B)working to earn a paycheck
C)bringing your mother flowers because it makes you feel good
D)marrying someone because you love being with him or her

Question 5

Obese people have approximately __________ fat cells as people with normal weight.

A)the same number of
B)two-thirds as many
C)twice as many
D)three times as many

Question 6

In her health class,Sonja uses an equation in her textbook to estimate that her body burns about 1,300 calories per day,without exercising.This is her

A)basal metabolism rate.
B)leptin conversion rate.
C)metabolic conversion point.
D)set point.

Question 7

The pursuit of an activity for external rewards is called

A)the need for affiliation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)extrinsic motivation.
D)a mastery goal.

Question 8

The evidence for psychological theories of overweight

A)empirically supports the view that overweight individuals are emotionally disturbed.
B)was based on flawed studies,often without control groups or objective measures.
C)indicates that overweight people,on the average,overeat to fill "emotional holes."
D)shows that heaviness is almost always based on overeating.

Question 9

Set point theory has difficulty explaining

A)why most people who diet eventually gain the weight back.
B)how the same daily caloric intake causes some to gain weight,but not others.
C)the dramatic worldwide increases in the rates of overweight and obesity.
D)the role of basal metabolism rates and fat cells in maintaining weight.

Question 10

_______________ is the genetically influenced weight range of an individual,maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake,fat reserves,and metabolism.

A)Extrinsic weight
B)Set point
C)Intrinsic weight
D)Goal weight

Question 11

The psychology of motivation can be best summarized as the study of

A)how decisions are made.
B)why we do what we do.
C)biological drives.
D)performance goals.

Question 12

For many decades,the study of motivation was dominated by a focus on

A)mastery goals.
B)the need for affiliation.
C)biological drives.
D)performance goals.

Question 13

The set point theory says that

A)biological mechanisms try to keep fat stores as large as possible.
B)when thin people overeat,their metabolisms slow down.
C)setting a realistic goal is crucial for weight loss.
D)body weight varies within a genetically influenced weight range.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsically motivated behavior?

A)eating a sandwich because it tastes good
B)working to earn a paycheck
C)bringing your mother flowers on her birthday because it is expected
D)having sex with a boyfriend so he does not end the relationship

Question 15

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is called

A)the need for affiliation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)biological drives.
D)performance goals.

Question 16

Ever since Geoff was 18,he has weighed close to 165 lbs.During periods of heavy exercise or inactivity,he tends to gain or lose weight for short periods of time,but it usually returns to normal fairly quickly.What is the best explanation for this?

A)Geoff's set point is near 165 lbs.
B)Geoff's body produces too much leptin.
C)A mutation of the ob gene helps Geoff control his weight.
D)Geoff's has larger than average fat cells,but fewer of them.

Question 17

To psychologists,motivation refers to

A)a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs,such as those for food and water.
B)a process in which an individual sets goals in order to increase his or her competence and skills.
C)an inferred process within a person or animal,which causes that organism to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.
D)movement through a hierarchy of need,beginning with survival needs for sleep,food,and water and reaching needs for self-actualization.

Question 18

The English words motivation and emotion both come from the same Latin root meaning

A)"to guide."
B)"to move."
C)"biological drive."
D)"to dominate."

Question 19

Intrinsic motivation is defined as

A)the pursuit of an activity for external rewards.
B)the pursuit of an activity for its own sake.
C)the pursuit of an activity to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation.
D)the pursuit of an activity in order to be judged favorably by others.

Question 20

According to your textbook

A)modern psychological theories recognize only two basic forms of motivation: "life" drives and "death" drives.
B)today's motivation researchers emphasize the biological drives that guide behavior.
C)human motivation is based entirely on psychological goals,not biological needs.
D)drive theories do not account for the full complexity of human motivation.

Question 21

Injecting leptin into a leptin-deficient mouse would cause it to

A)become sedentary.
B)experience pleasure.
C)gain weight.
D)lose weight.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to eating disorders?

A)high self-esteem
B)depression and anxiety
C)perfectionism
D)pressure from parents and friends

Question 23

_______ fat is an energy-burning type of fat that appears to be important in regulating body weight.

A)White
B)Brown
C)Transparent
D)Translucent

Question 24

When crop failures are common in a country,then the cultural ideal is likely to be

A)slender.
B)muscular.
C)fat.
D)soft but thin.

Question 25

Which of the following is one of the five leading environmental culprits causing the worldwide weight gain epidemic?

A)the increased popularity of gourmet restaurants
B)the increased preference for sedentary activities such as watching videos and television,sitting at a computer
C)the increased popularity of eating meals at home with family
D)the lack of variety in modern diets

Question 26

Gwin has a voluptuous figure,curvy with big breasts and big hips.She is pleased that her peers think she looks fashionable and attractive.It is most likely that Gwin is

A)a woman living in Canada today.
B)a woman living in Northern Europe in the 1960s.
C)a woman living in Nigeria at the end of the twentieth century.
D)a woman living in a Midwest Farm Belt state in the twenty-first century.

Question 27

Compared to one generation ago,food and drink portions in America have

A)remained constant.
B)no more than doubled.
C)doubled or tripled.
D)increased by a factor of ten.

Question 28

The cultural ideal for women in the United States,Canada,and Europe has been getting

A)thinner.
B)curvier.
C)heavier.
D)more maternal.

Question 29

Human evolution seems to have predisposed the body to

A)speed up metabolism when tasty food is easily available in order to prevent excessive weight gain.
B)store calories when food is abundant in order to aid survival when food is scarce.
C)crave foods high in starch,fat,and carbohydrates,only during times of food scarcity.
D)quickly adapt to periods of food overabundance by reducing caloric intake.

Question 30

While training for a marathon,Lori begins to lose weight.To stop or slow her loss of body fat,her hypothalamus increases her appetite,causing Lori to ingest more calories than she normally would.What likely triggered this response to Lori's weight loss?

A)The hypothalamus detected an increase in leptin.
B)The hypothalamus detected a decrease in leptin.
C)Lori's set point became too low.
D)Lori's set point became too high.

Question 31

Research investigations of identical twins reared together and apart show that

A)genes play a large role in determining body weight and shape.
B)when the twins are reared apart,weight gain occurs in different body areas.
C)twins reared together are more similar in body shape than those reared apart.
D)the percentage of fat in the body is due to childhood nutritional intake.

Question 32

If a friend of yours told you she was thinking of investing in a pharmaceutical company that is developing a leptin pill to help obese people lose weight,what should you tell her?

A)Go for it! Leptin deficiency is the main cause of obesity.
B)That's not a good idea;a leptin pill would actually cause weight gain!
C)That's not a good idea;leptin pills don't produce much weight loss for the majority of obese people.
D)That's not a good idea;leptin has nothing to do with body weight.

Question 33

Samantha is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder.She is dangerously thin but perceives herself as overweight.To control her weight she starves herself.Samantha is diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

A)anorexia nervosa
B)Adonis complex
C)bulimia nervosa
D)binge-eating disorder

Question 34

Evolution has programmed women to carry a reserve of fat for several reasons.Which of the following is one of the reasons listed in your textbook?

A)to help cope with depression
B)to delay the onset of menstruation
C)to protect the ovaries from damage
D)to produce estrogen

Question 35

Wilma has a genetic disorder that causes her body to produce too little of the hormone leptin.Which of the following is likely a symptom of her disorder?

A)Wilma is too skinny.
B)Wilma overeats.
C)Wilma's metabolism is "like a hummingbird's."
D)Wilma gets no pleasure from eating.

Question 36

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or the use of laxatives is called

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)Adonis complex.
C)bulimia.
D)self-starvation.

Question 37

_______________ is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat,a distorted body image,radically reduced consumption of food,and emaciation.

A)Anorexia nervosa
B)Body-image distortion
C)Bulimia
D)Leptin

Question 38

_______________ is a protein secreted by fat cells that helps in the regulation of appetite.

A)Usnic acid
B)Ephedra
C)Leptin
D)Ob

Question 39

Zulma is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder.Every day she eats a box of donuts and an entire bag of chips and then makes herself vomit.Zulma most likely has which of the following disorders?

A)binge-eating disorder
B)Adonis complex
C)bulimia nervosa
D)anorexia nervosa

Question 40

During a critical period in infancy,__________ influences the formation of neural circuits in the hypothalamus,responsible for determining the body's set point.

A)leptin
B)sucrose
C)fructose
D)pectin

Question 41

Eating disorders and body-image distortions among boys and men often take a different form than is typically seen with women.For example,they are more likely to

A)abuse steroids and exercise compulsively to be more muscular.
B)binge on foods high in fat and starches.
C)use inactivity to try to reduce the size of their bodies.
D)eat normally,but purge anyway.

Question 42

Which type of love is characterized by the turmoil of intense emotions and sexual passion?

A)intimate love
B)commitment love
C)companionate love
D)passionate love

Question 43

Women and men have tried for centuries to find a magical "love potion" that could increase feelings of love,closeness,and trust in another person.While there probably will never be a drug that can make a person fall in love with someone they aren't attracted to,what substance has some of the properties of the mythical love potion?

A)leptin
B)GABA
C)endorphins
D)oxytocin

Question 44

According to the attachment theory of love,a person's attachment style derives from

A)his or her age at the time of a first sexual relationship.
B)how many relationships he or she has had.
C)how he or she parents.
D)how he or she was parented.

Question 45

Lucy lived in England during the eighteenth century.It is most likely that her choice for a husband was based mostly on

A)passionate love.
B)companionate love.
C)extrinsic reasons.
D)intrinsic reasons.

Question 46

Two major predictors of whom we love are

A)differences and proximity.
B)proximity and similarity.
C)physical attraction and similarity.
D)proximity and physical attraction.

Question 47

All other things being equal,who is most likely to be happy in their long-term relationship?

A)Kyle,who feels like he gets more out of the relationship than his partner
B)Andy,who feels like he doesn't really deserve his partner
C)Yusuf,who is in his relationship primarily to avoid feeling lonely
D)Roger,who feels that his relationship is fair and balanced for both him and his partner

Question 48

All other things being equal,who is Larry most likely to fall in love with?

A)Jenny,who lives in a different city than Larry.
B)Linda,who has different tastes and interests than Larry.
C)Quinn,who is very similar to Larry.
D)Michelle,who was born on the same day as Larry.

Question 49

When people are asked to define the key ingredients of love most identify which three?

A)romance,euphoria,and affection
B)passion,intimacy,and commitment
C)fidelity,liking,and sexual excitement
D)yearning,compatibility,and attachment

Question 50

How do the three primary ingredients of love (passion,intimacy,and commitment)change over time in a relationship?

A)Passion increases and intimacy decreases.
B)Intimacy,passion,and commitment all increase.
C)Intimacy increases and passion decreases.
D)Passion and intimacy increase.

Question 51

The phrase "addicted to love" may have some truth to it,because the touch of a parent or lover can cause the release of neurotransmitters in the brain that are natural __________,a class of drugs known to cause addiction.

A)opiates
B)tranquilizers
C)stimulants
D)depressants

Question 52

Which type of love is characterized by affection and trust?

A)emotional love
B)attractive love
C)companionate love
D)passionate love

Question 53

When asked how they met,Jackie responds,"It was love at first sight!" This response is reflective of which type of love?

A)intimate love
B)commitment love
C)companionate love
D)passionate love

Question 54

When her baby begins to cry,Brenda can quickly sooth him by picking him up,holding him,and stroking his head.Based on research with animals,it is likely that Brenda's touch has a soothing effect,in part,because it leads to the release of ___________ in the baby's brain.

A)morphine
B)endorphins
C)leptin
D)vasopressin

Question 55

Marc and Johanna are engaged to be married.When asked to describe their relationship they respond by saying it is based on affection and trust.This response is reflects which kind of love?

A)emotional love
B)attractive love
C)companionate love
D)passionate love

Question 56

Which best describes psychologists' current understanding of the physiology behind love?

A)The physiology underlying passionate love is relatively simple compared to appetite.
B)Passionate love involves a confusing mix of different brain regions and systems.
C)Although not fully understood,passionate love clearly involves its own brain regions,and is physiological distinct all other types of love and motivations.
D)Passionate love is almost entirely due to gonadal hormones,and does not involve many brain regions.

Question 57

Patricia describes her relationship with her parents as close.According to the attachment theory of love,she is likely to develop what type of attachment?

A)ambivalent
B)avoidant
C)anxious
D)secure

Question 58

In general,women and men differ in

A)how likely they are to suffer heartbreak.
B)how they express their motives for love.
C)how much they feel love.
D)how often they suffer unrequited love.

Question 59

According to the attachment theory of love,anxious lovers worry that

A)they cannot control their own desires to cheat.
B)their partner will leave them.
C)their partner will never give them space.
D)their partner is not good enough.

Question 60

According to the attachment theory of love,avoidant lovers

A)distrust intimate attachments.
B)avoid sex.
C)are very clingy.
D)distrust themselves.

Question 61

Results from a global survey involving thousands show that some differences between the sexes appear to be universal,including the fact that

A)men are more interested in the youth and beauty of their partners.
B)women are more interested in the youth of their partners.
C)men are more interested in the status of their partners.
D)women are more sexually jealous and possessive of their partners.

Question 62

Which underlying motive emphasizes having sex to avoid the lover's anger or rejection?

A)intimacy
B)partner approval
C)insecurity
D)peer approval

Question 63

A female friend of yours confides in you that her sex drive has been low lately,and she is thinking of taking testosterone to increase it.Which of the following should you tell her?

A)Testosterone only promotes sexual desire in men,not women.
B)Testosterone does not promote sexual desire in men or women.
C)Do it! Testosterone supplements are a safe way to boost libido.
D)Testosterone supplements often do work to improve sexual desire.

Question 64

Mandy was born in 1990 and lives in a developed nation.When choosing someone to marry,she is most likely to be motivated by

A)standard of living.
B)money.
C)extrinsic reasons.
D)intrinsic reasons.

Question 65

Sex researcher and therapist Leonore Tiefer observed that "sex is not a natural act" for human beings.What did she mean by this?

A)Physical sex,at its heart,is a repulsive act.
B)Sex creates a euphoric high that is "otherworldly."
C)Sex,for any other purpose than procreation,goes against the nature and evolution.
D)For humans,sex is learned,not automatic.

Question 66

Vince is a heterosexual male who dates on a regular basis.According to the evolutionary view,when looking for a partner,Vince probably will

A)shop for the best "genetic deal" he can get in a woman.
B)seek someone who will provide him with stability and security.
C)seek someone who is young and beautiful.
D)attach himself to someone who has status.

Question 67

A survey of nearly 2,000 people yielded _____ motives for having sex.

A)10
B)28
C)94
D)237

Question 68

Which of the following would be predicted by the traditional evolutionary view of sexual strategies?

A)Females will try to attach themselves to one,dominant male.
B)It is adaptive for young females to try to mate with many males.
C)Males need to shop for the best "genetic deal" they can get in a woman.
D)It is adaptive for young males to want stability and security.

Question 69

Proponents of evolutionary psychology believe

A)males want stability and security.
B)females are often fickle and promiscuous.
C)males are drawn to sexual novelty.
D)females are drawn to sexual novelty.

Question 70

Research has dispelled the notion that

A)normal women do not experience orgasm.
B)men have higher rates of almost every kind of sexual behavior,including masturbation and erotic fantasies.
C)the penis and the clitoris develop from the same embryonic tissue.
D)orgasms experienced by men and by women are similar.

Question 71

Which underlying motive emphasizes having sex to be reassured that one is attractive and desired?

A)peer approval
B)partner approval
C)intimacy
D)insecurity

Question 72

The traditional evolutionary view of love suggests that males

A)will try to attach themselves to one,dominant female.
B)are relatively indiscriminating in their choice of partners.
C)need to shop for the best "genetic deal" they can get in a woman.
D)want stability and security.

Question 73

Kinsey and his associates observed that males and females

A)are incapable of understanding each other due to the differences in their anatomy.
B)have different kinds of orgasms.
C)are very similar in their basic anatomy and physiology.
D)cannot have satisfying sex without love.

Question 74

Which of the following is true regarding sexual behaviors such as masturbation,sexual fantasies,and having casual sex?

A)Men and women engage in them at statistically similar rates.
B)Women engage in them more frequently than men.
C)Men engage in them more frequently than women.
D)Cultural and religious rules are effective in eliminating them in women,but not men.

Question 75

A biological psychologist is most likely to argue that the differences in male and female sexual behavior are due to

A)differences in the way men's and women's brains are wired.
B)women's and men's different roles and experiences in life.
C)the complete absence of testosterone in women.
D)anatomical differences between the major sex organs.

Question 76

Which underlying motive emphasizes having sex to feel emotionally close to the partner?

A)peer approval
B)intimacy
C)insecurity
D)partner approval

Question 77

One of the most serious limitations of the work of Masters and Johnson is that

A)they did not include enough subjects who were readily orgasmic.
B)they did not do research to see how experience and culture influence sexual response.
C)they did not follow up their survey research findings with laboratory work.
D)they did not study whether the source of stimulation influenced orgasm.

Question 78

Which of the following behaviors has been emphasized by critics of the traditional evolutionary view?

A)Males are inclined to promiscuity because it distributes their sperm as widely as possible.
B)In choosing partners,females assess the males' status and willingness to commit.
C)Females have sex when they are not ovulating and even when they are already pregnant.
D)In choosing partners,males emphasize youth due to its association with fertility.

Question 79

Masters and Johnson concluded that,when it came to orgasms,

A)the capacity for sexual response of men surpasses that of women.
B)the similarity between men and women depends on the source of stimulation (vaginal versus clitoral).
C)men and women experience them quite differently.
D)men and women are remarkably similar.

Question 80

Josue and Azadah have sex with each other as a means to feel emotionally closer.Josue and Azadah's underlying motive for having sex is

A)intimacy.
B)partner approval.
C)pleasure.
D)peer approval.