Question 1

Which of the following techniques has been used to clone sheep, cats, cows, and several other types of mammals?&#10;A) DNA cloning&#10;B) Somatic cell nuclear transfer&#10;C) Therapeutic cloning&#10;D) Electroporation&#10;E) Gene knockout

Accepted Answer

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is the technique used to clone sheep (Dolly), cats, cows, and several other types of mammals. It involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell from an individual into an enucleated egg cell, which is then stimulated to develop into an embryo and implanted into a surrogate mother.

Question 2

Which of the following transgenic techniques requires linker proteins?&#10;A) Embryonic stem cell method&#10;B) Retrovirus-mediated method&#10;C) Pronuclear injection method&#10;D) Sperm-mediated transfer method&#10;E) Plasma cell membrane fusion method

Accepted Answer

Sperm-mediated transfer method often requires linker proteins to facilitate the binding of foreign DNA to sperm, which is then used to fertilize an egg and introduce new genetic material into the offspring.

Question 3

What is the purpose of using animals in clinical trials?&#10;A) To test the safety of a compound&#10;B) To assess the biological activity of a compound&#10;C) To decide how to produce (i.e., manufacture) the compound&#10;D) A and B&#10;E) A, B, and C

Accepted Answer

Animals are used in clinical trials primarily to test the safety and biological activity of a compound before it is tested in humans. This helps to determine the potential risks and benefits of the compound and ensure that it is safe for human use. Animals are also sometimes used to help determine the best method for producing the compound, but this is secondary to their primary role in testing safety and efficacy.

Question 4

In what phase of clinical trials are animals used?&#10;A) Preclinical testing&#10;B) Phase I&#10;C) Phase II&#10;D) Phase III&#10;E) Post launch

Accepted Answer

Animals are used in preclinical testing to test the safety and efficacy of a potential therapy or drug before it advances to human clinical trials.

Question 5

Which of the following transgenic techniques requires no vector to be used?&#10;A) Embryonic stem cell method&#10;B) Retrovirus-mediated method&#10;C) Pronuclear injection method&#10;D) Sperm-mediated transfer method&#10;E) Plasma cell membrane fusion method

Accepted Answer

The pronuclear injection method involves directly injecting foreign DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which does not require the use of a vector to introduce the DNA into the host organism.

Question 6

What types of cells fuse together to form hybridomas for making monoclonal antibodies?&#10;A) Bacterial cells and T cells&#10;B) Myeloma cells and B cells&#10;C) Liver cells and antibody-forming cells&#10;D) Monoclonal antibodies and myeloma cells&#10;E) None of these choices

Accepted Answer

Hybridomas are created by fusing a cancerous B cell (myeloma) with an antibody-producing B cell. This results in a hybrid cell that can divide indefinitely (like the myeloma cells) and produce large amounts of identical antibodies (like the B cells).

Question 7

________ animals have been genetically engineered so that a specific gene is disrupted and rendered nonfunctional.&#10;A) Knockout&#10;B) Transgenic&#10;C) Polyploid&#10;D) Selectively bred&#10;E) Cloned

Accepted Answer

The term "knockout" specifically refers to animals that have been genetically engineered to have a specific gene disrupted or rendered nonfunctional. Transgenic animals may contain genes from other species or express genes in a different way, but this does not necessarily mean that a specific gene has been knocked out. Polyploid animals have extra sets of chromosomes and selectively bred animals have been chosen for certain traits through artificial selection. Cloning, while a form of genetic engineering, does not necessarily involve disrupting a specific gene.

Question 8

________ animals contain an inserted and functional gene from another source.&#10;A) Knockout&#10;B) Transgenic&#10;C) Polyploid&#10;D) Selectively bred&#10;E) Cloned

Accepted Answer

Transgenic animals contain an inserted and functional gene from another source. Knockout animals have a specific gene intentionally removed or deactivated, polyploid animals have multiple sets of chromosomes, selectively bred animals have been bred for specific traits but do not necessarily have inserted genes from another source, and cloned animals are genetically identical to their donor but do not have an inserted gene from another source.

Question 9

Which of the following techniques involves using tiny DNA-covered spheres of gold or other metals to deliver transgenes into plant or animal cells?&#10;A) Retrovirus-mediated transfer&#10;B) Pronuclear microinjection&#10;C) Electroporation&#10;D) Gene gun&#10;E) Calcium chloride transformation

Accepted Answer

This technique is known as the gene gun, which uses high velocity particles coated with DNA to penetrate plant or animal cells. This allows for the delivery of transgenes into the cells, which can lead to the expression of desired traits.

Question 10

An enucleated egg cell ________.&#10;A) contains an extra copy of a gene&#10;B) has two nuclei&#10;C) lacks a nucleus&#10;D) cannot be used for cloning&#10;E) is a type of stem cell

Accepted Answer

Enucleated egg cells have had their nucleus removed, so they lack a nucleus. This makes them useful for cloning, as a nucleus from another cell can be inserted into the empty egg cell to create a cloned organism. They do not contain an extra copy of a gene, have two nuclei, or function as a type of stem cell.

Question 11

Embryo twinning refers to ________.&#10;A) a cloning step that involves enucleation&#10;B) a cloning step that involves splitting embryos in half&#10;C) a technique used in only primate cloning&#10;D) a novel technique not yet employed by scientists&#10;E) a cloning step that involves one half of an embryo

Accepted Answer

The answer of Embryo twinning refers to ________.&#10;A) a cloning...

Question 12

One of the most common organisms used to produce knockouts is ________.&#10;A) cows&#10;B) horses&#10;C) mice&#10;D) Drosophila&#10;E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the most common organisms used...

Question 13

The transfer of DNA into eukaryotic cells is known as ________.&#10;A) transformation&#10;B) transduction&#10;C) transfection&#10;D) transcription&#10;E) translation

Accepted Answer

The answer of The transfer of DNA into eukaryotic cells...

Question 14

Monoclonal antibodies ________.&#10;A) are fairly non-specific&#10;B) have not yet been approved by the FDA&#10;C) have not been found to treat any disorders&#10;D) are produced from myeloma cells only&#10;E) are highly specific to a particular antigen

Accepted Answer

The answer of Monoclonal antibodies ________.&#10;A) are fairly non-specific&#10;B) have...

Question 15

Carbon Copy is a ________.&#10;A) transgenic goat&#10;B) cloned cow&#10;C) chimera&#10;D) cloned cat&#10;E) None of these choices

Accepted Answer

The answer of Carbon Copy is a ________.&#10;A) transgenic goat&#10;B)...

Question 16

In a gene knock-in experiment, ________.&#10;A) the effect is exactly the same as a knockout&#10;B) the animal gene of interest is replaced with the human counterpart gene&#10;C) the gene is non-functional&#10;D) the embryo cannot survive to birth&#10;E) the gene product is produced to at least twice the normal levels

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a gene knock-in experiment, ________.&#10;A) the...

Question 17

Homologous recombination ________.&#10;A) occurs during meiosis as a normal process&#10;B) is used in plant cell activation&#10;C) must be used to produce animal bioreactors&#10;D) occurs when creating a knockout animal&#10;E) is a technique not proven to be successful

Accepted Answer

The answer of Homologous recombination ________.&#10;A) occurs during meiosis as...

Question 18

A limitation of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer is that ________.&#10;A) retroviruses cannot be used to make transgenic animals&#10;B) retroviruses only work with Ti vectors&#10;C) retroviruses only integrate DNA at specific sites&#10;D) retroviruses integrate DNA randomly in the genome&#10;E) retroviruses can only be used to make transgenic plants

Accepted Answer

The answer of A limitation of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer is...

Question 19

Which of the following approaches is not used to create a transgenic animal?&#10;A) Sperm-mediated DNA transfer&#10;B) Pronuclear microinjection&#10;C) Transfection of ES cells&#10;D) Retrovirus-mediated transgenesis&#10;E) Embryo twinning

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following approaches is not...

Question 20

Which of the following transgenic techniques requires ES cells to be collected from the inner blastocyst?&#10;A) Embryonic stem cell method&#10;B) Retrovirus-mediated method&#10;C) Pronuclear injection method&#10;D) Sperm-mediated transfer method&#10;E) Plasma cell membrane fusion method

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following transgenic techniques requires...

Question 21

What are the three &#34;Rs&#34; related to regulation of animal research?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the three &#34;Rs&#34; related to...

Question 22

Explain the idea of transgenic animals as &#34;bioreactors.&#34;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the idea of transgenic animals as...

Question 23

Why did Dolly the sheep die at a young age?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why did Dolly the sheep die at...

Question 24

What are the benefits of using animals in research?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the benefits of using animals...

Deck 7: Animal Biotechnology