Deck 12: An Introduction to Corrections: History, Structure, and Actors

Question 1

Which term means punishment for offenders?

A) rehabilitation
B) reversion
C) reformation
D) retribution

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The practice of punishment in America changes according to

A) offending patterns.
B) religious doctrine.
C) society's views.
D) economic realities.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Who first presented a system of crime and punishment based on the concept of a contractual society?

A) Cesare Beccaria
B) Gustave De Beaumont
C) Alexis De Tocqueville
D) Philip Zimbardo

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which goal of punishment is based on the idea that an offender cannot commit crime as long as he or she is monitored, jailed, or imprisoned?

A) deterrence
B) rehabilitation
C) reintegration
D) incapacitation

Question 5

An offender who was convicted of robbery during the early colonial era would likely receive which punishment?

A) the pillory
B) debtor's prison
C) banishment
D) death by hanging

Question 6

According to Cesare Beccaria, punishment should be all of the following except:

A) proportionate to the seriousness of the crime
B) based on retribution for the harm done to society
C) prompt and certain
D) painful to the offender

Question 7

In 1672, Seth lived in the Delaware colony and was branded with the letter D. Seth was most likely a(n)

A) adulterer.
B) burglar.
C) thief.
D) drunkard.

Question 8

Which goal of the system is based on the idea of "just desserts?"

A) retribution
B) reversion
C) rehabilitation
D) reintegration

Question 9

Early jails were initially used as a means of

A) corporal punishment.
B) pretrial detention.
C) juvenile rehabilitation.
D) homeless housing.

Question 10

What is the underlying assumption of deterrence?

A) Individuals must face consequences of their crimes through punishment.
B) Individuals are rational human beings who weigh the costs and benefits of their actions.
C) Offenders are inherently good and must be given the opportunity to reach their potential.
D) Offenders cause damage to society and should restore the community to its original state.

Question 11

In the American colonies, whipping, maiming, and dunking were types of

A) reformation.
B) death.
C) corporal punishment.
D) incarceration.

Question 12

What effect did America's independence from England have on crime and punishment in the early colonial era?

A) Overall punishment became more brutal and severe.
B) Solitary confinement became the norm.
C) The death penalty was implemented.
D) Corporal punishment practices were abandoned.

Question 13

Fines and community service are types of

A) rehabilitation.
B) deterrence.
C) restitution.
D) incapacitation.

Question 14

Which of the following factors has been the most significant for prison reform in the United States?

A) societal views.
B) crime rates.
C) political leadership.
D) economic power.

Question 15

Which of the following was characteristic of the model jail in American in 1796?

A) Women and men were jailed together.
B) Inmates were banned from working.
C) Alcohol consumption was widespread.
D) The head jailor received a salary.

Question 16

Which jail became the first jail in the United States to use confinement as a punishment rather than as a means of pretrial detention?

A) Walnut Street
B) Montgomery
C) Comstock
D) Greene County

Question 17

Prior to the seventeenth century, corrections focused on all of the following except:

A) death
B) reformation
C) corporal punishment
D) banishment

Question 18

Red Hannah is a(n)

A) infamous criminal.
B) stock.
C) pillory.
D) whipping post.

Question 19

Which type of punishment was most commonly used in the American colonies?

A) death penalty
B) imprisonment in old ships
C) corporal punishment
D) isolation in abandoned mines

Question 20

Vocational programs and drug treatment are programs that align with

A) rehabilitation.
B) retribution.
C) reintegration.
D) incapacitation.

Question 21

All of the following are punishments for juveniles found guilty of a criminal offense except:

A) probation
B) residential programs
C) training schools
D) supermax prisons

Question 22

All of the following are true of Zebulon Brockway except:

A) His tenure at the Elmira reformatory marked a new beginning for prison reform.
B) His reformatory was regarded as the most advanced prison in the world.
C) He implemented and advanced determinate sentencing systems.
D) He was found to promote brutality in his reformatory.

Question 23

Which prison is an example of a supermax prison?

A) Pelican Bay
B) Sing Sing
C) Alcatraz
D) Stateville

Question 24

Why is it important for wardens to manage gang violence in their prisons?

A) because gangs act as watchdogs for the prison population
B) because most inmate litigation originates from gangs
C) because gang activity is responsible for most prison crime
D) because gangs are responsible for transmitting HIV throughout the prison population

Question 25

High-security federal prisons are called

A) ADMAX prisons.
B) supermax prisons.
C) U.S. penitentiaries.
D) federal correctional institutions.

Question 26

Correctional officers are specifically trained to use offensive or defensive physical contact against inmates.

Question 27

The Great Depression curtailed __________ but not __________.

A) crime, punishment
B) punishment, crime
C) prison industries, prison building
D) prison building, prison industries

Question 28

Which penitentiary was based on the recommendations of the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline?

A) Walnut Street Jail
B) Elmira Adult Reformatory
C) Auburn State Prison
D) Eastern Penitentiary

Question 29

All of the following factors contributed to the increased inmate population in the United States in the late 1990s except:

A) the war on drugs
B) the targeting of repeat offenders
C) mandatory sentencing
D) increasing crime rates

Question 30

Which type of facility holds both violent and nonviolent offenders?

A) super-maximum security
B) maximum security
C) medium security
D) minimum security

Question 31

Which act essentially eliminated prison labor?

A) Hawes-Cooper Act
B) Volstead Act
C) Ashurst-Sumners Act
D) Soledad Act

Question 32

Which program produced southern prison plantations and the state-use system?

A) good time laws
B) farm labor
C) the convict leasing program
D) the mark system

Question 33

Which system did Zebulon Brockway use to classify prisoners?

A) three-stage system
B) red system
C) mark system
D) reform system @ Learning Objective: 12-2: Identify three historical eras leading to the current strategies for punishing offenders; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Reform Era 1879-1900; Question Type: MC

Question 34

Which of the following is qualification to be a correctional officer in most states?

A) oral interview
B) medical exam
C) high school diploma
D) personality assessment

Question 35

In the Walnut Street jail, __________ was the predominant system, while __________ was secondary.

A) solitary confinement, classification
B) classification, solitary confinement
C) reintegration, rehabilitation
D) rehabilitation, reintegration

Question 36

Which state would have most likely used prison plantations?

A) California
B) Georgia
C) Wisconsin
D) New York

Question 37

The U.S. Bureau of Prisons was created in the year

A) 1930.
B) 1945.
C) 1963.
D) 1979.

Question 38

Charles was a prisoner at Elmira Reformatory in 1887. Charles received daily mail, had extended hours at bedtime, and had access to books from the library. Charles was likely classified as a(n)

A) first-grade prisoner.
B) third-grade prisoner.
C) model inmate.
D) incoming inmate.

Question 39

Which penitentiary was known for its silent system?

A) Eastern Penitentiary
B) Walnut Street Jail
C) Comstock
D) Auburn

Question 40

Prison wardens generally have little influence over the policy decisions that affect a prison.

Question 41

Alcatraz was eventually shut down in 1963 because of prison riots.

Question 42

The Walnut Street Jail became the first jail in the United States that used confinement as a _________ rather than as a means of pretrial detention.

Question 43

Jails typically hold offenders who have been convicted of low-level misdemeanors and sentenced to terms of under one year

Question 44

The main goal of U.S. penitentiaries is __________.

Question 45

The twentieth century was primarily about __________ the system.

Question 46

Three strikes legislation is a form of indeterminate sentencing.

Question 47

Prior to the Enlightenment, people understood crime and punishment through a(n) __________ lens.

Question 48

Most state facilities are on a permanent state of lockdown, whereby a prisoner can leave his cell only if accompanied by a corrections officer or other prison employee.

Question 49

Difficulties separating offenders and inability to adequately feed offenders were effects of __________ in the Walnut Street jail.

Question 50

Administrative facilities serve as __________ for the federal system and are usually found in large cities near the courthouse.

Question 51

As a way to save money, some states have contracted with __________ to house their prisoners.

Question 52

The New York State Board of Charities' 1894 report alleged that brutality did exist within Elmira Reformatory.

Question 53

Punishment exists to deter future crime.

Question 54

Federal prison camps are sometimes referred to as "Club Fed."

Question 55

The administration of the prisons in every state is part of the __________ branch of that state

Question 56

Zebulon Brockway was the first director of the Bureau of Prisons

Question 57

The goal of rehabilitation is linked to the __________ model.

Question 58

Repeat juvenile offenders who commit serious crimes are typically placed in a group home setting.

Question 59

The activities that take place within an institution depend on the __________ that the warden has for that particular facility.

Question 60

Most federal inmates have been sentenced for drug offenses.

Question 61

Why is it important to know the appropriate punishment for offenses when attempting to prevent further crime?

Question 62

Why was punishment during the early colonial era typically carried out in public view?

Question 63

The __________of the late eighteenth century led the way for a reexamination of the factors related to crime and punishment.

Question 64

Differentiate between a stock and a pillory.

Question 65

Which characteristics of the Walnut Street Jail made it the model jail in America?

Question 66

Discuss the importance of Cesare Beccaria to criminal justice today.

Question 67

Discuss Zebulon Brockway's philosophy and how he influenced prison reform. Evaluate the effectiveness of his approaches.

Question 68

Discuss and provide an example of a maximum-security federal prison. Name three infamous criminals who are housed there.

Question 69

According to the objective of __________, prison administrators should help inmates learn how to fit back into society, so they don't commit more crimes.

Question 70

Briefly describe how England dealt with its crime problem prior to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Question 71

Describe, in detail, Pelican Bay Prison. Include information about its security level, staff, and inmates

Question 72

Name two other terms for restitution.

Question 73

Name the six objectives of punishment.

Question 74

Identify the post-World War II forces that instigated prison reforms.