Deck 11: Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

__________ is the umbrella term for people whose gender identification or presentation differs from the gender assigned to them at birth.

A) Cross-gendered
B) Transsexual
C) Transgender
D) Misgendered

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Sex is based on __________________ distinctions, whereas gender is based on _____________ distinctions.

A) social; physical
B) cultural; biological
C) biological; social
D) social; cultural

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Studies indicate that from fourth to twelfth grade female students:

A) score less on writing and reading assessments when compared to males
B) score more on science assessments when compared to males
C) are more likely to drop out of school when compared to males
D) score higher on reading and writing assessments when compared to males

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Levandus is biologically a male but prefers to dress in a very feminine manner and wear make-up. He decides to undergo a sex change operation in a few years. Levandus would be considered a(n) _____________________.

A) intersexual
B) heterosexual
C) homosexual
D) transsexual

Question 5

More and more women are falling below the poverty line. This is referred to as:

A) feminization of work
B) feminine relativism
C) feminization of poverty
D) relative poverty of women

Question 6

One of the first questions we ask when we find out someone is having or adopting a baby is "boy or girl?" This is because we consider sex and gender a _________; it is a position that affects all other positions we hold.

A) master status
B) dominant role
C) biological imperative
D) cultural anchor

Question 7

Recently, Target decided to stop labeling toys by gender. This is similar to actions in what other area of the world according to the text?

A) Ireland and the United Kingdom
B) Australia
C) China
D) Brazil

Question 8

Girls often outperform boys on most academic indicators. This is because:

A) girls are smarter than boys
B) girls have faster cognitive development than boys
C) girls are better than boys at noncognitive skills such as following rules and doing homework
D) girls generally work harder than boys

Question 9

In the First Nations, two-spirit individuals are considered neither male nor female. In Afghanistan, sons are required, so some girls are treated as boys until the age of puberty. These are two examples of:

A) gender confusion
B) gender reversals
C) nonbinary gender
D) gender inequality

Question 10

The term _________________ is used to mean a dominant or idealized form of something.

A) heteronormative
B) hegemonic
C) aspirational
D) hierarchical

Question 11

One root cause of the gender gap in education is the _____________, which is a way that dominant social and cultural norms are transmitted through educational systems.

A) transgendered norms
B) gendered curriculum
C) hidden curriculum
D) sex-biased learning

Question 12

People who feel that their identity along the male/female spectrum changes depending on the context are referred to as:

A) genderqueer
B) transgender
C) gender fluid
D) bisexual

Question 13

Many female-segregated occupations require education and many male-segregated occupations do not. This may help to explain:

A) a structural reason for girls' success in school
B) an interpersonal reason for girls' success in school
C) a structural reason why girls do worse than boys after grade school
D) an ethnomethodological explanation for girls' success in school

Question 14

The start of the modern U.S. lesbian, gay, and trans rights movement is often connected to:

A) the liberty marches of the 1920s
B) the formation of gay rights groups directly after World War II (1945)
C) the Stonewall riots of 1969
D) AIDS activism in the early 1980s

Question 15

Emily likes to wear dresses, play with dolls, and paint her nails. These are examples of the various ways Emily is expressing her:

A) sex
B) gender

Question 16

The characteristics associated with being a male, such as being tall, handsome, young, and athletic, is referred to as ______________________.

A) emphasized masculinity
B) hegemonic masculinity
C) dominant masculinity
D) hypermonic masculinity

Question 17

__________________ is a form of society that is dominated by men.

A) Hegemony
B) Masculized society
C) Proletarianism
D) Oligarchy

Question 18

People who are born with ambiguous genitalia are usually referred to as ___________________.

A) transsexual
B) heterosexual
C) intersex
D) ambiphilic

Question 19

According to the text, a term for a person who does not identify with either being a man or a woman is:

A) asexual
B) agender
C) transsexual
D) ambisexual

Question 20

A person's internal sense of being either male or female is called:

A) internal gender
B) gender identity
C) sexual psychology
D) cognitive gender

Question 21

Women are still thought of as a _________________ market because they purchase things for others.

A) secondary
B) dependent
C) multiple
D) layered

Question 22

Globally, men's consumer habits:

A) account for less sales than women's consumer habits
B) are more in the Western world than in Eastern cultures
C) are stronger among boys than among men over 18
D) are highly variable

Question 23

In the order of earnings, ____________ earn the most.

A) unmarried men
B) married men
C) married women
D) unmarried women

Question 24

Virginity and "coming out" are two examples of what phenomenon?

A) The differences between behaviors and attitudes
B) The importance of norms
C) The use of stories to provide scripts about sexuality
D) The ways that U.S. culture around sexuality has changed in the last 20 years

Question 25

How have the consumption patterns of women changed since the time of the Industrial Revolution?

A) Women today generally consume for their families
B) Much of women's shopping today is related to love
C) Consumer practices are tied very closely to their domestic practices
D) Women are more likely today to consume subcontracted services such as childcare

Question 26

Hamilton and Armstrong define "sexual dilemmas" as:

A) the difficulty in matching experiences to sexual scripts
B) the difficulty of having contradictory norms around sex when it comes to gender, race, and social class
C) the contradiction of biological and psychological sexual drives
D) the differences in cultural norms around sex in youth culture and the larger American culture

Question 27

Research on women in the workplace shows that women ____________ authority on the job had more diminished mental health than _____________.

A) without; men with authority
B) without; women with authority
C) with; men without authority
D) with; women without authority

Question 28

Since the Industrial Revolution, ___________ were considered the primary consumers in the household.

A) Men
B) Women

Question 29

Hochschild's research found that women tend to do more domestic work than men. What does research suggest on the split between heterosexual men and women on housework in recent years?

A) The proportion that women do has increased
B) The difference between the genders is shrinking
C) Everyone does less and just has messier houses
D) Men are now performing more of the housework than women

Question 30

Women have made big gains in higher education. The effect on the pay gap between men and women is:

A) the pay gap still exists
B) the pay gap has disappeared

Question 31

According to the text, how did industrialization affect gendered role?

A) It led men and women to occupy both the public and the private spheres
B) It led to the separation of the public and the private spheres
C) It led to a blending of the public and private spheres

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a social change linked to the globalization of sexuality?

A) Global network of sexperts
B) Increasing urbanization
C) Globalization of media
D) Decreased mobility

Question 33

Women are thought of as a multiple market. What does this mean?

A) Women have more diversity when purchasing items for themselves
B) Women purchase much of the food but also many types of clothing
C) Women buy not only for themselves but make purchases for other people
D) Women tend to buy things in multiples

Question 34

When compared to males, females are:

A) Less likely to graduate from high school
B) More likely to receive a bachelor's degree
C) Less likely to receive a bachelor's degree
D) Less competent in reading and writing assessments

Question 35

_______________ has become a global concern related to consumption and marketing for girls in the Internet age.

A) Truthful advertising
B) Hypersexualization
C) Self-esteem
D) Ambiguous gender messaging

Question 36

Arlie Hochschild's book, The Second Shift, discusses how:

A) women must make the transition from being in the private sphere to being in the public sphere
B) most women can only find jobs during the evening or second shift
C) women work outside of the home and then also take care of the majority of the household duties
D) most women feel as if dual earning households turn private life into a second shift of work for married men and women

Question 37

Which of the following are true of contemporary marketing and advertising?

A) Products are marketed in mostly gender-neutral ways
B) Products are still mostly marketed to women
C) Products are marketed in highly gendered ways
D) Adult men and women are passive in the face of marketing pressures

Question 38

According to the text, when did "shopping for fun" originate?

A) in the 1900s, when department stores spread
B) in the 1920s, after the end of alcohol prohibition
C) in the 1950s, during post-war economic growth
D) in the 1970s, with expansion of imported goods

Question 39

Which of the following reasons was given for changes in women's consumption patterns?

A) Increased participation in the labor force
B) Having children at later ages
C) The spread of feminism
D) The increased importance of expressing identity through consumption

Question 40

Studies indicate that boys are:

A) less likely than girls to get more attention in class from the teachers
B) less likely to be asked questions when compared to girls
C) receive less constructive criticism
D) more likely to monopolize class discussions

Question 41

Women in the global paid-labor market have been drawn into labor-intensive, low-paying industries. This is called:

A) feminization of labor
B) female proletarianization
C) globalization of femininity
D) the export processing zone

Question 42

Even though women have made gains in higher education, which of the following is also TRUE:

A) Men still earn more bachelor's degrees than women each year
B) Women still earn less than men
C) Women still earn far fewer degrees in the STEM disciplines
D) Women rarely earn degrees above a bachelor's degree

Question 43

The increasing participation of women in the labor force has been termed the:

A) contingent work increase
B) feminization of labor
C) the glass escalator
D) industrialized feminism

Question 44

Choose the statement(s) that are accurate about sex and gender:

A) only men have testosterone and only women have estrogen
B) male and female are binary categories; you are either one or the other
C) gender exists on a continuum
D) biological sex exists on a continuum

Question 45

The increasing number of women who are being channeled into low-status, poorly paid manual work is referred to as:

A) institutionalized sexism
B) female proletarianization
C) feminization of work
D) pink-collar feminization

Question 46

Which of these factors have contributed to women being the more likely victims of international violence?

A) The nature of warfare has become more asymmetric, leaving women more vulnerable to violence
B) Women are more likely to be in the armed forces now than in the past
C) Women are more affected when a conventional ground battle takes place
D) Women are more likely to be terrorists now than in the past

Question 47

Which of the following has been a focus of the larger global women's movement?

A) The increase of women's voices in global civil society
B) The adverse effects of global capitalism
C) Increased global trafficking in women
D) The growth of antifeminist fundamentalist movements

Question 48

Pierre is a slender French man who likes to wear a bright purple scarf and skinny jeans. Nathan, an American, tried wearing a brightly colored scarf, but his roommate said it made him look like a girl. This illustrates which point(s)?

A) Pierre exhibits hegemonic masculinity
B) Gender performance is static based on one's upbringing
C) Masculinity is fluid and how it is performed can vary across social settings
D) We merge gendered expectations with those of other intersectional statuses

Question 49

Sex is primarily a biological distinction between males and females, whereas gender is based primarily on social distinctions.

Question 50

People who are born with ambiguous genitalia are usually referred to as transsexuals.

Question 51

Factors used to control workers that are particularly harsh for women workers who work for multinational corporations in export processing zones (EPZs) include:

A) mandatory pregnancy testing
B) forced consumption of amphetamines to ensure efficiency
C) impossibly long shifts with unpaid overtime
D) offering incentives for extra pay that are nearly impossible to earn because the quotas are unrealistic, but they increase productivity

Question 52

Which of these criteria are necessary ingredients to informed, effective sexual consent?

A) Both parties understand what they are consenting to
B) There is no coercion, force, threats, or pressuring
C) Understanding is expressed by both parties, either through words, actions, or silent agreement
D) Both parties understand that consent can be revoked at any time

Question 53

The failure of men to perform more housework has been called a stalled revolution in gender equality, especially in the United States. What are some of the factors in the United States that have contributed to this according to the text?

A) The insufficient two-week vacation time in most American jobs
B) The lack of parent-friendly work policies that support policies such as maternity leave
C) The technological revolution that encourages everyone to work around the clock on their paid employment
D) The rise of video games that men tend to do instead of cleaning up after themselves

Question 54

Cultural definitions of traits associated with being a woman or a man are called "femininities" and "masculinities."

Question 55

Women lose ground on salaries and advancement in the workforce for the following reasons according to the text:

A) They take time away to care for children
B) They are on average less educated than men
C) Their domestic work limits their performance at work
D) They rarely take charge or try to advance

Question 56

The term ____________ is an export from the Global North in the global diffusion of sex and sexuality.

A) rape
B) pornography
C) gay
D) transgender

Question 57

Which of the following are reasons for increased interest by sociologists in the topic of sexuality?

A) The growing number of sexually linked problems
B) The increase in teen pregnancies
C) Social changes in attitudes and behaviors around sex
D) The sex culture of the Internet

Question 58

Sex is binary, but gender exists on a continuum.

Question 59

Marcel is an athletic black American man. He likes to wear brightly colored shoes and enjoys dancing. His slightly overweight white American friend Brian enjoys the same things, but he doesn't do them because if he did, his white friends would tease him for being "gay." Which point does this illustrate?

A) Brian's friends are racist
B) Masculinity is associated with homosexuality in white culture only
C) Masculinity is in part defined by the culture you belong to
D) We merge gendered expectations with those of other intersectional statuses

Question 60

Identify the items in this list that represent risks to survivors of rape, sexual abuse, incest, or sexual violence when compared with those who did not have this traumatic experience:

A) 3 times more likely to experience depression
B) 4 times more likely to contemplate suicide
C) 13 times more likely to abuse alcohol
D) 26 times more likely to abuse drugs

Question 61

Rape cultures tend to be prevalent in and around college campuses due to the presence of alcohol and drugs, the age of the population, and the ratio of men to women.

Question 62

Explain the terms hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity. What social consequences are related to these two gender forms?

Question 63

Transgender is an umbrella term related to several gender identities. What gender identities are grouped under the term transgender? Name one risk factor for people who identify as transgender.

Question 64

Gender is a master status.

Question 65

More and more women have been entering the labor market in large numbers in countries all over the world. This is referred to as the feminization of labor.

Question 66

Don was born a male but prefers to dress and behave like a female. His identity can be referred to transgender.

Question 67

Gender is most often left out of the structure of our social institutions.

Question 68

In global measures of gender inequality, no country has a measure that represents complete equality, where women do as well as men across all life dimensions.

Question 69

Heteromonic masculinity refers to a set of socially constructed ideas about masculinity that focuses on the interests and desires of men.

Question 70

Studies indicate that from fourth to twelfth grade, male students consistently score higher than female students on both reading and writing assessments.

Question 71

Many women, especially in developing economies, are working in low-paying jobs that provide no benefits and have substandard working conditions. This is referred to as marginal feminization.

Question 72

The hidden curriculum is a term which refers to a school's unofficial rules by which students learn various behaviors, attitudes, and values.

Question 73

Sexuality has a growing presence in the global media.

Question 74

The global women's movement has focused on such issues as economic concerns, health care issues, and violence against women.

Question 75

Explain the difference between sex and gender, and explain how the two terms relate to each other.

Question 76

According to the text, men have to think more about what it means to be a "man," while women can take what being a "woman" means based on the definitions of gender under conditions of inequality.

Question 77

Arlie Hochschild's book The Second Shift argues that women work outside the home and take care of the majority of household and child care duties within the home as well.

Question 78

Hegemonic masculinity is directly linked to patriarchy as a societal form.

Question 79

Being masculine or feminine must be attached to gender, but can be detached from biological sex or the body.

Question 80

People categorized as engaging in sexual behavior that is other than heterosexual are generally labeled deviant and expected to explain this behavior.