Deck 31: Immunochemistry

Question 1

Where are B cells and T cells found?

A) only in the blood
B) only in the lymph
C) primarily in the blood, but some are in the blood
D) primarily in the lymph, but some are in the blood

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Interferon is associated with the function of which of the following?

A) B cells
B) macrophages
C) NK cells
D) T cells

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which cells of the immune system are the first to attack invading viruses or bacteria?

A) B cells
B) dendritic cells
C) macrophages
D) T cells

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not a lymphoid organ?

A) spleen
B) thymus
C) thyroid
D) tonsils

Question 5

Which of the following is not a lymphoid organ?

A) spleen
B) thymus
C) tonsils
D) None of these, they are all lymphoid organs.

Question 6

Which of the following refers to a substance which triggers an immune response?

A) antibody
B) antigen
C) lymphocyte
D) macrophage

Question 7

Dendritic cells transport protein fragments of invading viruses or bacteria to which of the following?

A) an MHC
B) T_h cells
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 8

Which of the following is true of adaptive immunity when an invader is encountered for the second time?

A) The first and second responses are both slow.
B) The first response is faster than the second.
C) The second response is faster than the first.
D) There is no need for a second response.

Question 9

Antibodies are which of the following?

A) glycoproteins
B) lipoproteins
C) macrophages
D) T cells

Question 10

Which of the following brings a portion of an antigen to the surface of an infected cell?

A) antibodies
B) B cells
C) MHC molecules
D) T cells

Question 11

Which of the following is true of innate immunity?

A) It is associated only with external components.
B) It is highly specific.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 12

Which of the following is true of innate immunity?

A) It is associated with both external and internal components
B) It is highly specific
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 13

Which of the following is true?

A) B cells are lymphocytes, but T cells are not
B) T cells are lymphocytes, but B cells are not.
C) Both B cells and T cells are lymphocytes.
D) Neither B cells nor T cells are lymphocytes.

Question 14

The immunoglobulin superfamily does not include which of the following?

A) B cells
B) the receptors of T cells
C) MHC
D) None of them, they are all members of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

Question 15

Which of the following have adaptive immunity?

A) all plants and animals
B) only animals
C) only vertebrates
D) only mammals

Question 16

Which kinds of molecules assist in the movement of lymphocytes into the blood?

A) chaperones
B) cytokines
C) lymphokines
D) transporters

Question 17

Which of the following is true?

A) Both B cells and T cells originate in the bone marrow.
B) Both B cells and T cells originate in the thymus.
C) Both B cells and T cells mature in the bone marrow.
D) Both B cells and T cells mature in the thymus.

Question 18

HIV, the virus which causes AIDS, primarily attacks which part of the immune system?

A) B cells
B) dendritic cells
C) macrophages
D) T cells

Question 19

Which type of vaccine was originally used by Pasteur?

A) attenuated vaccine
B) inactivated vaccine
C) subunit vaccine
D) mimic vaccine

Question 20

Lymphocytes are a specialized form of which of the following?

A) dendritic cells
B) macrophages
C) red blood cells
D) white blood cells

Question 21

In a protein antigen, how many amino acids are necessary for the antigen to bind to a receptor on a T cell?

A) 1 or 2
B) 3 to 5
C) 5 to 7
D) 10 to 15

Question 22

Which of the following is true of stem cells?

A) They can only become B cells.
B) They can only become T cells.
C) They can become either B cells or T cells.
D) They are not involved in the production of lymphocytes.

Question 23

Approximately what percentage of invading bacteria and foreign bodies are filtered out in the lymph nodes?

A) 50%
B) 90%
C) 95%
D) 99%

Question 24

APC refers to which of the following?

A) antibody presenting cells
B) antibody processing cells
C) antigen presenting cells
D) antigen processing cells

Question 25

Which of the following describes the specificity of NK and T_c cells?

A) Both are highly specific.
B) Neither is specific.
C) NK cells are nonspecific, but T_c cells are specific.
D) NK cells are specific, but T_c cells are nonspecific.

Question 26

In a protein antigen, how many amino acids are necessary to interact with an antibody?

A) 1 or 2
B) 3 to 5
C) 5 to 7
D) 10 to 15

Question 27

Which of the following target and perforate the surfaces of abnormal cells?

A) B cells
B) macrophages
C) NK cells
D) T cells

Question 28

How do NK cells and T_c cells kill invading viruses and bacteria?

A) by engulfing and devouring them
B) by injecting a chemical toxin
C) as a result of crenation
D) as a result of lysis

Question 29

What type of cells are produced when B cells are exposed to an antigen?

A) helper T cells
B) memory T cells
C) NK cells
D) plasma cells

Question 30

Which of the following molecules is used by macrophages to kill pathogens?

A) NO
B) NO₂
C) N₂O
D) none of these

Question 31

How was the role of MHC molecules first discovered?

A) during the study of AIDS
B) during studies of blood types
C) during organ transplants
D) none of the above

Question 32

When T cells interact with an antigen, they differentiate into how many types?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 33

Which of the following can be antigens?

A) nucleic acids
B) polysaccharides
C) proteins
D) all of these

Question 34

Perforins are associated with which of the following?

A) B cells
B) macrophages
C) NK cells
D) T_h cells

Question 35

T cell receptors can recognize which of the following antigens?

A) nucleic acids
B) polysaccharide
C) proteins
D) all of these

Question 36

Plasma cells are derived from which type of cells?

A) B cells
B) helper T cells
C) macrophages
D) memory T cells

Question 37

Which type of cells produce antibodies?

A) A cells
B) NK cells
C) plasma cells
D) T cells

Question 38

Which of the following are the first cells in the blood that encounter antigens?

A) B cells
B) dendritic cells
C) macrophages
D) T cells

Question 39

Cytotoxic T cells kill invaders in a manner similar to which of the following?

A) B cells
B) dendritic cells
C) macrophages
D) NK cells

Question 40

The smallest unit of an antigen capable eliciting an immune response is called which of the following?

A) antitope
B) epitope
C) essitope
D) minitope

Question 41

Which immunoglobulins attack invaders before they get to the blood stream?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 42

Which of the following is true of immunoglobulins?

A) Only the heavy chains have constant regions.
B) Only the light chains have constant regions.
C) Both the light and the heavy chains have constant regions.
D) Neither the light chains nor the heavy chains have constant regions.

Question 43

Which of the following is true of class I and class II MHC molecules?

A) They both are transmembrane proteins
B) They both have peptide binding variable domains
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 44

Which of the following immunoglobulin classes has the smallest concentration in blood serum?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 45

Which of the following correctly describes the interactions between antigens, class I MHC molecules and T cells?

A) Antigens bound to class I MHC molecules and interact with helper T cells
B) Antigens bound to class I MHC molecules and interact with killer T cells
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 46

Class I MHC molecules do which if the following?

A) pick up dead antigens
B) seek out antigen molecules that have been synthesized inside a virus infected cell
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 47

The polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins have a shape similar to which letter?

A) L
B) M
C) X
D) Y

Question 48

Which of the following correctly describes the interactions between antigens, class II MHC molecules and T cells?

A) Antigens bound to class II MHC molecules and interact with helper T cells
B) Antigens bound to class II MHC molecules and interact with killer T cells
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 49

Which of the following immunoglobulin classes has the smallest molecular weight?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 50

Which of the following immunoglobulin classes has the largest concentration in blood serum?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgG
D) IgM

Question 51

Class II MHC molecules do which if the following?

A) pick up dead antigens
B) seek out antigen molecules that have been synthesized inside a virus infected cell
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 52

Which of the following describes immunoglobulins?

A) They all proteins containing only amino acids.
B) They are all glycoproteins.
C) They are all lipoproteins.
D) Some immunoglobulins belong to each of the above categories.

Question 53

Which of the following is true of the structure of immunoglobulins?

A) Each molecule is made up of two polypeptide chains.
B) Each molecule is made up of four different polypeptide chains.
C) Each molecule is made up of four identical polypeptide chains.
D) Each molecule is made up of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains.

Question 54

Which of the following hold the chains of an immunoglobulin together?

A) disulfide bridges
B) hydrogen bonding
C) hydrophobic interactions
D) ionic bonds

Question 55

Which of the following is true of immunoglobulins?

A) Only the heavy chains have both constant and variable regions.
B) Only the light chains have both constant and variable regions.
C) Both light and heavy chains have both constant and variable regions.
D) There are no constant regions in any immunoglobulin chains.

Question 56

Which of the following is true of immunoglobulins?

A) Only the heavy chains have variable regions.
B) Only the light chains have variable regions.
C) Both the light and the heavy chains have variable regions.
D) Neither the light chains nor the heavy chains have variable regions.

Question 57

Which immunoglobulins play a part in allergic reactions such as asthma?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 58

The enzyme GILT acts on which of the following types of antigens?

A) nucleic acids
B) polysaccharides
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 59

Which of the following immunoglobulin classes has the largest molecular weight?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM

Question 60

The enzyme GILT acts on which of the following types of antigens?

A) nucleic acids
B) polysaccharides
C) proteins
D) all of these

Question 61

V(J)D recombination is associated with which of the following?

A) B cells
B) macrophages
C) T cells
D) all of these

Question 62

Plasma cells do which of the following?

A) directly attack the antigen
B) secrete additional antibodies
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 63

Class switch recombination does which of the following?

A) creates a change at a single nucleotide
B) copies nucleotide sequences from a pseudogene V into the V(J)D
C) swaps exons of the constant region between highly repetitive regions
D) all of these

Question 64

Which of the following is true of antibodies?

A) An organism is born with its full complement of antibodies.
B) A new antibody can appear whenever one is needed.
C) The ability to produce new antibodies is determined by an organism's genetic blueprint.
D) None of the above is correct.

Question 65

How many different types of immunoglobulin antibodies can a single B cell synthesize?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) A variable number, it depends on the B cells.

Question 66

Monoclonal antibodies are used in the diagnosis of which of the following?

A) AIDS
B) breast cancer
C) leukemia
D) none of these

Question 67

How many polypeptide chains does a T-cell receptor have?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 68

Which pair of scientists won a Nobel Prize for a method of making monoclonal antibodies?

A) Guillemin and Schally
B) Khorana and Nirenberg
C) Milstein and Köhler
D) Watson and Crick

Question 69

Which of the following is true for T cells?

A) T cells interact directly with antigens.
B) T cells are nonspecific, they recognize all antigens.
C) Each T cell is specific for a single antigen.
D) Each T cell can recognize a wide variety of antigens.

Question 70

Somatic hypermutation does which of the following?

A) creates a change at a single nucleotide
B) copies nucleotide sequences from a pseudogene V into the V(J)D
C) swaps exons of the constant region between highly repetitive regions
D) all of these

Question 71

Which of the following hold the chains of a T-cell receptor together?

A) disulfide bridges
B) hydrogen bonding
C) hydrophobic interactions
D) ionic bonds

Question 72

Based on all possible combinations V, J, D and constant regions, approximately how many antibody combinations are theoretically possible?

A) approximately 10,000
B) approximately 1,000,000
C) more than 2 million
D) more than 1 billion

Question 73

Gene conversion mutation does which of the following?

A) creates a change at a single nucleotide
B) copies nucleotide sequences from a pseudogene V into the V(J)D
C) swaps exons of the constant region between highly repetitive regions
D) all of these

Question 74

Mutations in the V(J)D genes is called which of the following?

A) affinity maturation
B) affinity mutation
C) cancer
D) none of these

Question 75

Mutation of the V(J)D genes in somatic cells results in which of the following?

A) a failure of the immune system
B) a decrease in the binding of an antigen to an antibody
C) a small increase in the binding of an antigen to an antibody
D) a significant increase in the binding of an antigen to an antibody

Question 76

The monoclonal antibody drug Trastuzumab is used in the treatment of which disease?

A) breast cancer
B) prostate cancer
C) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
D) none of these

Question 77

Which of the following does not affect the variable regions of immunoglobulins?

A) class switch recombination
B) gene conversion
C) somatic hypermutation
D) None, they all affect the variable region.

Question 78

Which of the following happens when a B cell antibody interacts with its antigen?

A) The B cell is stimulated to divide.
B) The B cell is stimulated to differentiate into plasma cells.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 79

If a particular immunoglobulin heavy chain has 50 V genes, 27 D genes and 6 J genes, how many different combinations can be obtained?

A) 162
B) 300
C) 1350
D) 8100

Question 80

A typical person has approximately how many antibodies?

A) 1,000
B) 10,000
C) 100,000
D) 1,000,000