Deck 32: Body Fluids

Question 1

Which of the following is synthesized by lymphocytes?

A) cholesterol
B) hemoglobin
C) immunoglobulins
D) insulin

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is not true of red blood cells?

A) They are destroyed in the kidneys.
B) They are formed in bone marrow.
C) They have a nucleus.
D) None, all of these are true.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The blood-brain barrier is permeable to which of the following species?

A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) glucose
D) all of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In addition to the lymph nodes, where are lymphocytes formed?

A) the bone marrow
B) the pancreas
C) the kidneys
D) the spleen

Question 5

Which of the following is associated with a high leukocyte count?

A) anemia
B) polycythemia
C) leukemia
D) typhoid

Question 6

Lymphocytes are a specialized type of which of the following?

A) erythrocytes
B) leukocytes
C) thrombocytes
D) none of these

Question 7

The generation of the electrical potential needed for neurotransmission requires that which of the following has a low concentration in cerebral tissue?

A) Cl−
B) K⁺
C) Na⁺
D) O₂

Question 8

Which type of blood cells are involve in clotting?

A) erythrocytes
B) leukocytes
C) thrombocytes
D) all of these

Question 9

Which of the following is associated with a low erythrocyte count?

A) anemia
B) polycythemia
C) leukemia
D) typhoid

Question 10

Which of the following cannot readily cross the blood-brain barrier?

A) Cl−
B) K⁺
C) Na⁺
D) all of these

Question 11

Which of the following blood cells are the largest?

A) erythrocytes
B) monocytes
C) neutrophils
D) thrombocytes

Question 12

The blood-brain barrier is permeable to which of the following species?

A) Cl−
B) some antihistamines
C) Na⁺
D) none of these

Question 13

Which of the following is associated with a low leukocyte count?

A) anemia
B) polycythemia
C) leukemia
D) typhoid

Question 14

Which of the following is associated with a high erythrocyte count?

A) anemia
B) polycythemia
C) leukemia
D) typhoid

Question 15

A 150 lb man has approximately what volume of whole blood in his body?

A) 3 L
B) 6 L
C) 9 L
D) 12 L

Question 16

Which of the following is true of red blood cells?

A) They circulate in the blood for about 1 month.
B) They are called leukocytes.
C) They have DNA.
D) None of these is true.

Question 17

Plasma accounts for approximately what percentage of whole blood?

A) 25-35%
B) 50-60%
C) 70-80%
D) 85-90%

Question 18

What name is applied to the process of maintaining the body temperature and the appropriate levels of nutrients?

A) equilibration
B) hemolysis
C) homeostasis
D) osmosis

Question 19

The blood-brain barrier is impermeable to which of the following species?

A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) glucose
D) none of these

Question 20

The blood-brain barrier is permeable to which of the following species?

A) Cl−
B) alcohol
C) Na⁺
D) none of these

Question 21

Which of the following is administered to patients to prevent blood clotting?

A) sodium acetate
B) sodium carbonate
C) sodium citrate
D) sodium phosphate

Question 22

Where does CO₂ bind to hemoglobin?

A) only at the C-termini of the α-chains
B) at the C-termini of both the α-chains and the β-chains
C) only at the N-termini of the α-chains
D) at the N-termini of both the α-chains and the β-chains

Question 23

Carbonic anhydrase is involved in which of the following?

A) binding CO₂ to hemoglobin
B) converting CO₂ to carbonic acid
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 24

Carbonic anhydrase is associated with the establishment of which of the following equilibria?

A) H₂CO₃ H⁺ + HCO₃−
B) H₂CO₃ H₂O + CO₂
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 25

Which of the following accounts for the flow of oxygen into the alveoli?

A) Hemoglobin transports the O₂ into the alveoli.
B) Myoglobin transports the O₂ into the alveoli.
C) The O₂ pressure in the alveoli is higher than that in the inhaled air.
D) The O₂ pressure in the alveoli is lower than that in the inhaled air.

Question 26

Which of the following enzymes is(are) involved in the transport of CO₂ by blood?

A) carbonic anhydrase
B) hemoglobin
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 27

Which of the following ions is associated with the heme portion of hemoglobin?

A) Ca²⁺
B) Fe²⁺
C) Mg²⁺
D) Zn²⁺

Question 28

Which group of materials accounts for most of the dissolved solids in the plasma?

A) carbohydrates
B) dissolved gases
C) proteins
D) wastes

Question 29

Which of the following is the approximate pressure of oxygen in the muscles?

A) 20 mm Hg
B) 40 mm Hg
C) 100 mm Hg
D) 160 mm Hg

Question 30

Where does CO₂ bind to hemoglobin?

A) at the C-termini of the polypeptides
B) at the N-termini of the polypeptides
C) at the iron
D) at the nitrogens of the heme

Question 31

Which of the following is the approximate pressure of oxygen in venous blood?

A) 40 mm Hg
B) 100 mm Hg
C) 160 mm Hg
D) 760 mm Hg

Question 32

Serum is obtained by removing which of the following from plasma?

A) albumin
B) fibrinogen
C) globulin
D) hemoglobin

Question 33

Which of the following is the approximate pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?

A) 40 mm Hg
B) 100 mm Hg
C) 160 mm Hg
D) 760 mm Hg

Question 34

Approximately what percentage of blood plasma is water?

A) 15%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 90%

Question 35

Which of the following is the most abundant protein in blood plasma?

A) albumin
B) fibrinogen
C) globulin
D) hemoglobin

Question 36

The concentration of which of the following is reduced to prevent blood clotting during a transfusion?

A) Ca²⁺
B) Fe²⁺
C) K⁺
D) Na⁺

Question 37

Approximately what volume of blood passes through a human kidney each day?

A) 1.5 L
B) 10 L
C) 15 L
D) 100 L

Question 38

How many heme units are present in a molecule of hemoglobin?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 39

A molecule of hemoglobin is capable of binding how many molecules of CO₂?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 40

The relationship between pH and the oxygen carrying ability of hemoglobin is known as which of the following?

A) allosterism
B) the Bohr effect
C) Dalton's Law
D) Perutz's Law

Question 41

Normal urine has a pH in which of the following ranges?

A) 1.5 to 3.5
B) 3.5 to 5.5
C) 5.5 to 7.5
D) 7.5 to 9.5

Question 42

The secretion of renin by the kidneys results in which of the following?

A) the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensinogen
B) an decrease in blood pressure
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 43

In which portion of a nephron is lost HCO₃− replaced?

A) the distal tubule
B) Henle's loop
C) the glomerulus
D) the proximal tubule

Question 44

A diuretic does which of the following?

A) decrease urea production
B) increase urea production
C) decrease urine production
D) increase urine production

Question 45

The secretion of renin by the kidneys results in which of the following?

A) the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin
B) an increase in blood pressure
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 46

The Bowman's capsule is part of which of the following?

A) a nephron
B) the urethra
C) the ureter
D) the vena cava

Question 47

In which portion of the nephron is most water reabsorbed?

A) the distal tubule
B) Henle's loop
C) the glomerulus
D) the proximal tubule

Question 48

Under normal conditions which of the following is involved in the reabsorption of water?

A) insulin
B) oxytocin
C) vasopressin
D) none of these

Question 49

How many different nervous system control systems begin to function when a patient begins to hemorrhage?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 50

Normal kidney function involves which of the following?

A) filtration in which small molecules are lost but large molecules are retained
B) reabsorption of some small molecules from the urine
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 51

Approximately what volume of urine does a normal person excrete each day?

A) 15 mL
B) 150 mL
C) 1,500 mL
D) 15,000 mL

Question 52

Normal kidney function involves which of the following?

A) filtration in which large molecules are lost but small molecules are retained
B) reabsorption of some small molecules from the urine
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 53

In which portion of a nephron are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed?

A) the distal tubule
B) Henle's loop
C) the glomerulus
D) the proximal tubule

Question 54

Which of the following results from the fact that the osmotic pressure of blood is lower than the pressure at the arterial capillaries?

A) Nutrients flow from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.
B) Wastes flow from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 55

Baroreceptors perform which of the following functions?

A) send signals which control fluid pressure in the brain
B) send signals which control the heart rate
C) send signals which control the rate of breathing
D) none of these

Question 56

Which of the following gives the correct order of pressures?

A) arterial > osmotic blood pressure > venous
B) arterial > venous > osmotic blood pressure
C) osmotic > blood pressure > arterial > venous
D) venous > osmotic blood pressure > venous

Question 57

Which of the following results from the fact that the osmotic pressure of blood is higher than pressure at the venous capillaries?

A) Nutrients flow from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.
B) Wastes flow from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 58

Where are baroreceptors located?

A) in the brain
B) in the heart
C) in the lungs
D) in the neck

Question 59

Which of the following is secreted by the kidneys?

A) angiotensin
B) angiotensinogen
C) renin
D) none of these

Question 60

Which of the following drugs are the most common treatment for hypertension?

A) ACE inhibitors
B) diuretics
C) β blockers
D) vasodilators

Question 61

Which of the following lipids lower blood pressure?

A) arachidonic acid
B) leukotrienes
C) prostaglandins
D) thromboxanes

Question 62

Examine the following diagram of a kidney nephron and the surrounding circulatory system.
Blood enters the capsule and glomerulus. Which of the following components of the blood will eventually pass to the proximal tubule?

A) red blood cells
B) protein molecules
C) leukocytes
D) sugars

Question 63

The following images shows some representations of some of the common components of blood.
Which type of cell is synthesized in only the bone marrow?

A) erythrocytes
B) thrombocytes
C) leukocytes
D) agranular leukocytes
E) All of these are synthesized in more than one location.

Question 64

The following images shows some representations of some of the common components of blood.
Which type of cell is the most prevalent one found in the blood?

A) erythrocytes
B) thrombocytes
C) leukocytes
D) agranular leukocytes
E) All occur in about equal amounts.

Question 65

The following images shows some representations of some of the common components of blood.
Consider the following reaction involved in carbon dioxide transport in the blood. What happens to this reaction when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases?

A) shifts to the right
B) shifts to the left
C) unaffected by muscle contraction

Question 66

Consider the diagram below. Which of the following correctly represents the components transported by the lettered arrows?

A) A - waste
B) B - oxygen
C) C - food
D) D - carbon dioxide
E) Both B and D are correct representations.

Question 67

Examine the following diagram of a kidney nephron and the surrounding circulatory system.
Blood enters the capsule and glomerulus. Which of the following components of the blood if passed to the collecting tubules may indicative of disease?

A) glucose
B) protein
C) ketone bodies
D) All of these may indicate of an abnormality.

Question 68

The following images shows some representations of some of the common components of blood.
Which type of cell is involved in the clotting mechanism?

A) erythrocytes
B) thrombocytes
C) leukocytes
D) agranular leukocytes
E) All are involved at some point in the process of clot formation.

Question 69

Propranolol belongs to which class of drugs used to treat hypertension?

A) ACE inhibitors
B) diuretics
C) β blockers
D) vasodilators

Question 70

Examine the following diagram of a kidney nephron and the surrounding circulatory system.
Blood enters the capsule and glomerulus. Which of the following components of the blood will eventually pass to the collecting tubule?

A) urea
B) creatine
C) hippuric acid
D) inorganic ions such as Na⁺ and SO₄^2-
E) All of the above components pass to the collecting tubule.

Question 71

The following images shows some representations of some of the common components of blood.
Consider the following reaction involved in carbon dioxide transport in the blood. What happens to this reaction after muscle contraction?

A) shifts to the right
B) shifts to the left
C) unaffected by muscle contraction

Question 72

The following images shows some representations of some of the common components of blood.
If whole blood is centrifuged and then separated into a "sediment" and plasma, which of the following would be the most likely to be found in the plasma?

A) erythrocytes
B) thrombocytes
C) leukocytes
D) agranular leukocytes
E) All of these will be found in the "sediment".