Deck 38: Assisting in Endocrinology

Question 1

The pineal gland excretes which of the following hormones?

A) ADH
B) Aldosterone
C) Melatonin
D) Glucagon

Answer 1

Melatonin

Question 2

The islets of which endocrine gland regulate the blood glucose levels?

A) Parathyroid
B) Thyroid
C) Pineal
D) Pancreas

Answer 2

Pancreas

Question 3

Cushing's disease is

A) a thyroid gland disorder.
B) hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex.
C) a pancreatic disease.
D) hyperfunctioning of the adrenal cortex.

Answer 3

hyperfunctioning of the adrenal cortex.

Question 4

Myxedema is

A) hypofunctioning of the adrenal glands.
B) hirsutism and virilism.
C) advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood.
D) hot tumor areas in the thyroid gland.

Question 5

A disease that results in enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, jaws, and cheeks is

A) acroarthritis.
B) acromegaly.
C) arthralgia.
D) gigantism.

Question 6

Patients with diabetes insipidus are treated with which of the following medications to prevent fatal dehydration?

A) Desmopressin
B) Flonase
C) Levodopa
D) Calcitonin

Question 7

Hypopituitary dwarfism is

A) associated with enlargement of the extremities.
B) caused by a genetic defect in cartilage formation that affects the growth of bone.
C) a condition in which a child's height is impaired, but the head and trunk are normal size.
D) a hyperfunctioning of the pituitary gland.

Question 8

A goiter might form because of which of the following problems?

A) Lack of iodine
B) Tumor
C) Infection
D) All of the above

Question 9

Acromegaly is characterized by

A) hyperfunctioning of the pituitary gland after puberty.
B) adenomas of the pituitary gland during adulthood.
C) hyperfunctioning of the pituitary gland before puberty.
D) A and B

Question 10

Which disorder is caused by an overactive adrenal gland?

A) Cushing's disease
B) Addison's disease
C) Diabetes
D) Graves' disease

Question 11

_________ regulates the amount of calcium in the blood and bones.

A) Parathyroid hormone
B) Thyroxine
C) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
D) Prostaglandins

Question 12

Which of the endocrine glands is divided into anterior and posterior lobes?

A) Thyroid
B) Adrenal
C) Pituitary
D) Thymus

Question 13

Which disorder is a common form of hyperthyroidism?

A) Cushing's disease
B) Addison's disease
C) Diabetes
D) Graves' disease

Question 14

A patient with acromegaly has which of the following symptoms?

A) Low urine specific gravity
B) Excessive growth during adolescence
C) Arthralgia and excessive sweating
D) Overactive epiphyseal plates

Question 15

Typical symptoms of diabetes mellitus include which of the following?

A) Hypertension and kidney stones
B) Polydipsia, polyphagia, and rapid weight loss
C) Frequent infections and hyperpigmentation
D) All of the above

Question 16

All of the following are symptoms of diabetes insipidus except

A) low urine specific gravity.
B) high blood concentration.
C) glycosuria.
D) polydipsia.

Question 17

You have just received the laboratory results for a patient suspected of having prediabetes. What would you expect the lab work to show?

A) An FBS of 100 to 125 mg/dL
B) A 2-hour OGTT over 200 mg/dL
C) A glycosylated hemoglobin level less than 8%
D) All of the above

Question 18

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary?

A) PRL
B) ACTH
C) LH
D) ADH

Question 19

Patients with hypothyroidism must take which of the following medications?

A) Levoxyl
B) Novolin
C) Symlin
D) Prandin

Question 20

Which endocrine gland requires iodine to produce its hormone?

A) Thyroid
B) Thymus
C) Gonads
D) Parathyroid

Question 21

The posterior lobe of the pituitary (neurohypophysis) produces which of the following?

A) Growth hormone
B) Antidiuretic hormone
C) Thyroid stimulating hormone
D) Prolactin

Question 22

Which of the following is a condition in which serum levels of thyroid hormones are excessively high?

A) Myxedema
B) Cretinism
C) Goiter
D) Thyrotoxicosis

Question 23

Severe hypoglycemia in a patient with diabetes who takes insulin may result in which of the following?

A) Insulin shock
B) Diabetic coma

Question 24

Which of the following occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin because autoimmune, genetic, or environmental factors have destroyed the beta islet cells?

A) Prediabetes
B) Diabetes mellitus Type 1
C) Diabetes mellitus Type 2
D) Gestational diabetes

Question 25

Which of the following is one of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus?

A) Plasma glucose level of 210 mg/dL
B) FPG of 126 mg/dL
C) OGTT result of 180 mg/dL
D) Glycosylated hemoglobin >6%

Question 26

Which of the following is true about endemic goiters?

A) They are caused by a lack of iodine in the diet.
B) They are caused by a thyroid tumor.
C) They can result in weight loss.
D) They are restricted to specific geographic areas.
E) Both A and D are true.

Question 27

Which of the following is the most correct explanation of diabetes mellitus type 2?

A) The patient typically has no family history of diabetes.
B) It usually is seen only in patients over age 40.
C) Patients are at great risk of developing cardiovascular complications over time.
D) Patients with this type of diabetes will never have to take insulin for blood glucose control.

Question 28

Where is epinephrine produced?

A) Thymus gland
B) Parathyroid
C) Adrenal medulla
D) Pineal gland

Question 29

Which of the following usually has an acute onset and no connection to blood glucose levels?

A) Diabetes insipidus
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Addison's disease
D) Graves' disease

Question 30

Patients with diabetes mellitus must be very careful about foot care to prevent complications. Which of the following would be part of a patient education intervention about diabetic foot care?

A) Wash your feet every day with hot water and soap.
B) Check your feet once a week using a mirror if necessary.
C) Cut your nails straight across to avoid ingrown toenails and possible injuries.
D) When wearing open-toed sandals or going barefoot, watch for possible injuries.

Question 31

Which statement is true about the macrovascular diseases that can occur in people with diabetes?

A) The longer the patient has had diabetes, the greater the risk of CAD.
B) These diseases are seen only seen in people with diabetes type 1.
C) Individuals with diabetes are more likely to have hypotension than hypertension.
D) PVD is due to blood clot formation in the large vessels.

Question 32

The greatest risk for infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes is

A) pancreatic shutdown.
B) diabetes type 1.
C) macrosomia.
D) All of the above

Question 33

Which of the following are oral hypoglycemics that are prescribed for the management of diabetes mellitus type 2?

A) Prandin, Avandia, and Glucophage
B) Lente and Lantus
C) Byetta and Symlin
D) A and C

Question 34

Which of the following is an intermediate-acting insulin that is taken at bedtime to prevent nighttime drops in blood glucose levels?

A) NPH
B) Novolin R
C) NovaLog
D) Aspart

Question 35

Which of the following is often called the "master gland"?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Pituitary gland
C) Pineal gland
D) Thyroid

Question 36

Gestational diabetes can be extremely dangerous for both mother and infant. Because of this, what is recommended for all pregnant women?

A) They should start taking Glucophage in the third trimester.
B) They should limit weight gain to 25 pounds during the pregnancy.
C) All pregnant women should be screened for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy.
D) Both A and C are recommended.

Question 37

Which of the following best describes the action of endocrine glands?

A) Secrete through a duct
B) Secrete directly onto the surface of the skin
C) Secrete directly into the mouth
D) Release hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 38

Which statement is true about ketone bodies?

A) They are a waste material of fat metabolism.
B) They are created in the bloodstream when protein must be used for energy.
C) They occur when a patient with diabetes does not have enough insulin available to attach to glucose in the bloodstream.
D) Both A and C are true.

Question 39

Diabetic retinopathy occurs because of which factor?

A) Repeated hypoglycemic episodes
B) Hyperglycemic peaks, which damage the blood vessels feeding the retina
C) It is an inevitable result of diabetes, regardless of how well the person controls FBS levels.
D) Target cell resistance to insulin

Question 40

Byetta may be prescribed for people with diabetes type 2 to promote which of the following?

A) Lowering the blood glucose levels by increasing insulin secretion
B) Decreasing cellular resistance to insulin
C) Helping patients achieve modest weight loss
D) A and C
E) All of the above

Question 41

What is the most common cause of death in people with DM type 2?

A) Microvascular disease
B) Diabetic kidney disease
C) Peripheral vascular disease
D) Coronary artery disease

Question 42

Patients with diabetes __________ have a problem with target cell response to insulin.

Question 43

Patients with diabetes __________ stop producing insulin in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.

Question 44

__________ goiters occur because of lack of iodine in the diet in specific geographic locations.

Question 45

__________ results in fruity-smelling breath.

Question 46

Which of the following is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus?

A) Diabetic ketoacidosis
B) Diabetic retinopathy
C) Diabetic neuropathy
D) Infection
E) All of the above

Question 47

A patient diagnosed with _______________ has a deficiency of all the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary; therefore, the symptoms reflect systemic inactivity of all of the glands stimulated by the anterior pituitary hormones.

Question 48

Treatment in the beginning phase of diabetes type 2 includes all of the following except

A) weight loss.
B) exercise.
C) dietary restrictions.
D) oral hypoglycemic medications.
E) insulin.

Question 49

Another term for __________ is somatotropic hormone, which stimulates tissue growth at the epiphyseal plates in children before puberty.

Question 50

Many patients with diabetes need to void frequently during the night, a condition called __________.

Question 51

The thyroid gland will not function properly unless the anterior pituitary produces __________ to stimulate its action.

Question 52

The liver is capable of creating glucose from proteins and fats through the process of __________.

Question 53

Diabetic __________ is the leading cause of renal failure in the United States.

Question 54

__________ is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the production of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex.

Question 55

Patients with diabetes frequently have __________, which means they are very thirsty.

Question 56

__________ is required for ovulation to occur.

Question 57

Hypersecretion of GH in adulthood is called __________.

Question 58

The anterior pituitary produces __________, which stimulates egg production in the female and sperm development in the male.

Question 59

Which of the following tests is used for monitoring long-term diabetes therapy?

A) FBS or FPG test
B) Home glucometer
C) Glycosylated hemoglobin test
D) None of the above

Question 60

Which of the following is the most common complication, affecting 60% to 70% of patients with diabetes?

A) Diabetic nephropathy
B) Diabetic retinopathy
C) Diabetic neuropathy
D) Macrovascular disease

Question 61

The best method of teaching patients with diabetes how to perform glucometer testing is with a handout.

Question 62

The normal FBS range is 80 to 120 mg/dL.

Question 63

Cretinism occurs when the thyroid fails to develop properly in an adolescent.

Question 64

A patient with diabetes type 1 frequently experiences hypoglycemic episodes, and the physician asks you to give her information about the Rule of 15. What should this information include?

Question 65

Managing diabetes mellitus can be an overwhelming task for a patient newly diagnosed. Summarize four important factors to include in a patient education intervention for diabetes mellitus.

Question 66

A patient with diabetes type 2 may have signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. List five questions you might ask to document the patient's condition accurately.

Question 67

The goal of diabetic management is to maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Question 68

A patient's activity level does not affect the type and amount of insulin prescribed.

Question 69

Diabetes mellitus type 1 has a chronic onset and is seen in patients over age 30.

Question 70

Diabetes type 2 occurs much less frequently than diabetes mellitus type 1.

Question 71

The pancreas is an example of an exocrine gland that produces insulin.

Question 72

Exophthalmia occurs in hyperthyroidism.

Question 73

Patients with diabetes type 1 must take multiple oral or injected doses of insulin throughout the day.

Question 74

Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus include an FBS greater than 126 mg/dL on more than one occasion.

Question 75

Polyphagia associated with diabetes mellitus means that the patient is extremely thirsty.

Question 76

Diabetes insipidus is related to glucose metabolism.

Question 77

A strong relationship exists between a family history of the disease and the development of diabetes type 1.

Question 78

Mrs. Connie Franco, age 62, was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2 about 3 years ago. She is very concerned about the possible complications of the disease, because her mother died of diabetic complications last month. Summarize four possible microvascular and macrovascular complications of DM.

Question 79

Oral hypoglycemics are used to treat diabetes type 2.

Question 80

Two of your patients are being seen in the office today. One is suspected of having hypothyroidism and the other hyperthyroidism. Summarize three signs and symptoms you would expect to see in each patient.