Deck 6: Basic Cognitive Functions: Information Processing,attention,and Memory

Question 1

Age complexity hypothesis- choice The ______________ hypothesis proposes that older adults are disproportionately slower on tasks that are more difficult.

A)divided attention
B)conjunction search
C)age complexity
D)inhibitory control

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Driving behavior of older adults A factor in the driving behavior of older adults is that,compared to younger adults,they are more likely to:

A)engage in distracted driving.
B)drive while under the influence.
C)know how to react in an emergency.
D)venture out after dark.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Useful field of view The ability to respond to stimuli in the periphery,relevant to the driving skills of older adults,is called:

A)functional vision range.
B)useful field of view.
C)attentional monitoring.
D)visual scanning input.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Cellphones and driving As pointed out in "Aging Today," compared to eating,fixing the radio,or adjusting the GPS while driving,cellphone use is ______ dangerous:

A)equally
B)much less
C)slightly less
D)much more.

Question 5

Attentional resources theory- choice The view that older adults have difficulty allocating enough of their mental focus to cognitive operations is consistent with the _____________ theory of aging.

A)inhibitory deficit
B)attentional resources
C)multitasking
D)general slowing

Question 6

Confusing intersections Crowded intersections pose a particular risk for older adults not only because of the many cars,but because they often have:

A)narrow sidewalks.
B)lower speed limits.
C)confusing signs.
D)many pedestrians.

Question 7

Fatality rates The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that,in 2012,the highest fatality rates were for drivers ages:

A)75-80.
B)85-90.
C)50-54.
D)16-19.

Question 8

Highway improvements The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factors of:

A)availability of public transportation.
B)ability to get rides with others.
C)the expense of gas and vehicle upkeep.
D)self-confidence and need for independence.

Question 9

Older pilots compared to older drivers The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factors of:

A)availability of public transportation.
B)ability to get rides with others.
C)the expense of gas and vehicle upkeep.
D)self-confidence and need for independence.

Question 10

Stroop task and inhibition Performance of older adults on the __________ task provides evidence of difficulties they experience in inhibiting irrelevant and potentially confusing information.

A)Brinley
B)Salthouse
C)Deese
D)Stroop

Question 11

Simple search tasks and parallel processing On simple search tasks,where targets stand out relatively easily from distractors,older adults perform at high levels,because these tasks require:

A)parallel processing.
B)division of attention.
C)serial processing.
D)attentional vigilance.

Question 12

Videogame training on attention in young Research on videogame training in young adults shows that these games have the effect of improving:

A)attentional control.
B)color perception.
C)long-term memory.
D)mathematical skills.

Question 13

Brinley plot- stem Brinley plots are used to understand which type of cognitive performance?

A)Working memory
B)Selective attention
C)Response inhibition
D)Reaction time

Question 14

Vision changes that affect driving An older adult's ability to drive may be affected by which normal age-related changes in vision?

A)a reduction in color vision
B)greater sensitivity to glare
C)increased ability to see near objects
D)tendency to make right-left reversals

Question 15

Self-regulation and driving The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factors of:

A)availability of public transportation.
B)ability to get rides with others.
C)the expense of gas and vehicle upkeep.
D)self-confidence and need for independence.

Question 16

Sustained attention- choice Tasks that require the individual to watch out for the appearance of a target and respond only when they see it,make demands on ________________ attention and appear to be more difficult for older individuals.

A)multiple
B)divided
C)selective
D)sustained

Question 17

Conjunction tasks and serial processing Older adults do relatively more poorly than younger adults on conjunction vs.simple search tasks,because conjunction tasks rely on ____________ processing.

A)parallel
B)automatic
C)serial
D)pop-out

Question 18

Left-hand turns and older adults Research from the Institute of Highway Safety shows that older drivers in the U.S.faced with the challenge of making a left-hand turn while driving in a busy intersection are most likely to experience which outcome?

A)Having an accident
B)Dying from a heart attack
C)Forgetting where they are
D)Feeling overconfident

Question 19

Brinley plot- stem Brinley plots illustrating the slowing of reaction time in older adults typically involve which type of data?

A)Correlations among test scores within both younger and older adults groups.
B)Path analyses predicting the performance of older adults from younger adults.
C)Graphs in which older adult data are on one axis and younger adult data on the other.
D)Pie charts in which the scores of older adults are shown in comparison to young adults.

Question 20

General Slowing Hypothesis- stem The General Slowing Hypothesis proposes that older adults become slower primarily because of:

A)decreases in motivation.
B)nervous system changes.
C)problems in vision.
D)increases in anxiety.

Question 21

Stereotype threat- stem According to research on stereotype threat,when older adults are made to feel aware of their age in a memory study,they will:

A)work harder to improve their scores.
B)appreciate being respected.
C)be less likely to ask for help.
D)perform more poorly than otherwise.

Question 22

Procedural memory motor task Both older adults and older monkeys showed that they could remember over a 2-year period how to perform a task involving ____________ memory,in which they slid a small metal nut off a rod.

A)semantic
B)flashbulb
C)source
D)procedural

Question 23

Default network and aging During working memory tasks,older adults have difficulty ____________ the brain's default network,meaning that they are less able to focus on incoming information.

A)activating
B)attending to
C)deactivating
D)speeding up

Question 24

Hippocampus in working memory The effects of aging on working memory may be due to changes in which structure of the brain?

A)episodic buffer
B)hypothalamus
C)hippocampus
D)thalamus

Question 25

Default network The brain's default network,which processes internally-generated stimuli,includes which structure?

A)Cerebellum
B)Hippocampus
C)Occipital cortex
D)Reticular formation

Question 26

Semantic memory and aging Vocabulary,factual information,and historical knowledge fall into the category of ____________ memory,a process not affected by aging.

A)source
B)semantic
C)procedural
D)working

Question 27

Flashbulb memory and aging According to research on _____________ memory,older adults are able to remember distinctive historical events as well as do younger adults.

A)flashbulb
B)working
C)scaffolding
D)procedural

Question 28

Deese-Roediger-McDermott The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM)task demonstrated that older adults are vulnerable to false memories as shown by a test of:

A)words from categories.
B)numbers in a series.
C)pictures of objects.
D)ability to solve a puzzle.

Question 29

Reminiescence bump- stem According to research on the reminiscence bump,older adults should remember the most from:

A)their own teen and early adult years.
B)historical events that happened in their youth.
C)past experiences that affected their loved ones.
D)their earliest years of childhood.

Question 30

N-back task- stem In an n-back task,used to assess working memory,participants are asked to:

A)recall their earliest memories.
B)name earlier items presented in a series.
C)remember a list of category names.
D)describe a distinctive past event.

Question 31

Implicit memory Researchers have established that when older adults are given an _______ memory test,or one in which they don't know they're being tested,they perform as well as young adults.

A)working
B)remote
C)implicit
D)flashbulb

Question 32

Memory self-efficacy Older adults who have a low sense of memory ________________,the feeling that they cannot perform well on a memory test,are likely to have poorer scores when their memory is actually tested.

A)assimilation
B)self-efficacy
C)threat
D)predictability

Question 33

Propsective memory Research on prospective memory shows that older adults have more difficulty when the task involves which type of mental activity?

A)Recalling a person's name.
B)Solving a crossword puzzle.
C)Planning a future event.
D)Deciding to write a reminder note.

Question 34

Psychological factors affecting driving A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is:

A)lack of adequate public transportation.
B)changes in speed limits on highways.
C)changes in decision-time speed.
D)concern expressed by family members.

Question 35

Distant memory Findings on the effects of age on memory for events from the long-ago past,or remote memory,show that:

A)older adults remember the past better than do young adults.
B)although they try to forget them,older adults remember past events.
C)older adults remember visually better than they do verbally.
D)memories from events in the distant past are no better than from the present.

Question 36

Scaffolding theory- choice The view known as _____________ theory proposes that older adults use different neural circuits depending on task demands to make up for the losses that they suffer elsewhere in the brain.

A)scaffolding
B)default network
C)inhibitory control
D)phonological loop

Question 37

Role of central executive The role of the central executive in working memory is to:

A)remember information for long periods of time.
B)direct attention to incoming stimuli.
C)allocate cognitive resources to the task.
D)recall information presented verbally.

Question 38

Default network While you are at rest,the brain's ____________ is at work,processing information that you generate internally.

A)phonological loop
B)central executive
C)visuospatial sketch pad
D)default network

Question 39

Source memory failure Mixing up who said what in a conversation that happened in the past is an instance of ___________ memory failure,a problem that affects older more than younger adults.

A)implicit
B)source
C)prospective
D)retrieval-induced

Question 40

Stereotype threat- choice Making older adults conscious about their age during a memory test is likely to trigger the condition known as _____________ in which their performance actually becomes worse.

A)stereotype threat
B)memory controllability
C)identity assimilation
D)memory self-efficacy

Question 41

Virtual reality training Virtual reality memory training,in which older adults simulated walking through various places,was found to benefit which type of cognitive ability?

A)verbal memory
B)simple attention
C)useful field of view
D)decision-making

Question 42

Method of loci as memory training method Using the "method of loci" to help older adults improve their memory involves which technique?

A)Putting words into a sentence.
B)Using novel associations.
C)Imagining walking through a house.
D)Participating in aerobic exercise.

Question 43

Metabolic syndrome and cognition Through the role of the hormone IGF-1,having _______________ may place older adults at risk of cognitive decline.

A)depression
B)metabolic syndrome
C)sleep disturbances
D)high stress levels

Question 44

Sleep and memory Unlike younger adults,neither middle-aged nor older individuals show a benefit to memory of having a greater amount of _______ sleep:

A)REM
B)Stage 1
C)slow-wave
D)daytime

Question 45

Stress and memory Research examining the relationship between memory and stress found that people who experience daily stresses,regardless of age,also are likely to:

A)feel better prepared to handle cognitive demands.
B)remember more details in a novel task.
C)have memory problems on the days they were stressed.
D)experience a higher chance of developing long-term memory loss.

Question 46

Cognition and omega-3 Older adults who eat a diet that includes food rich in ____________ are likely to experience some cognitive benefits.

A)beta carotene
B)ginko biloba
C)homocysteine
D)omega-3

Question 47

ACTIVE The type of training most effective in the ACTIVE study involved which type of cognitive ability?

A)memory
B)speed
C)reasoning
D)analysis

Question 48

Deep processing in memory training Training older adults to use "deep processing" to encode information more fully would involve having them follow which procedure?

A)Repeating information over and over by rote until it is learned.
B)Staying away from using strategies that may be confusing.
C)Taking dietary memory enhancements while learning new information.
D)Giving meaning to information such as putting words in sentences.

Question 49

Memory controllability and identity Older adults who have a low sense of memory controllability because they believe that memory decline is inevitable can also be thought of as high in:

A)identity assimilation.
B)memory self-efficacy.
C)identity accommodation.
D)retrieval-induced forgetting.