Deck 15: Understanding Individual Behavior

Question 1

Operant behavior is reflexive or unlearned behavior.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In the Big Five Model,emotional security was found to be positively related to job performance.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

A person who rates as being high in Machiavellianism would accomplish a task regardless of what it takes.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The cognitive component of an attitude refers to the beliefs,opinions,knowledge,or information held by a person.

Question 5

Low levels of perceived organizational support lead to lower turnover.

Question 6

Both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning.

Question 7

Extraversion is the degree to which someone is sociable,talkative,assertive,and comfortable in relationships with others.

Question 8

Employees with a high level of job involvement strongly identify with and really care about the kind of work they do.

Question 9

If a manager thinks that all attractive employees are also productive employees,the manager is committing an error based on a halo effect.

Question 10

Consensus refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations.

Question 11

High self-monitors can't adjust their behavior and there's high behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do.

Question 12

The influence that models have on an individual is partially determined by attentional processes.

Question 13

When we make judgments about the behavior of other people,we tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and to overestimate the influence of internal factors.This tendency is called the self-serving bias.

Question 14

Cognitive dissonance is any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.

Question 15

Perceived organizational support is the degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals.

Question 16

Organizational citizenship behavior is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee's formal job requirements.

Question 17

Individuals with low self-esteem are more susceptible to external influence than are people with high self-esteem.

Question 18

There is enough evidence to support the validity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality.

Question 19

Organizational behavior is concerned only with group interactions.

Question 20

Research indicates that satisfied employees have lower levels of turnover while dissatisfied employees have higher levels of turnover.

Question 21

Which of the following is true for satisfied employees with high organizational commitment?

A)lower rates of turnover and absenteeism
B)higher rates of voluntary turnover
C)higher rates of cognitive dissonance
D)significantly higher pay levels

Question 22

________ is a performance measure of both the efficiency and effectiveness of employees.

A)Employee productivity
B)Organizational citizenship behavior
C)Job satisfaction
D)Turnover

Question 23

The regular use of ________ can alert managers to potential problems and employees' intentions early enough to do something about them.

A)dissonance reduction
B)performance incentives
C)employee benefit plans
D)attitude surveys

Question 24

The component of attitude that includes beliefs and opinions is the ________ component.

A)cognitive
B)behavioral
C)affective
D)practical

Question 25

The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization is the employee's ________.

A)job involvement
B)organizational commitment
C)global commitment
D)organizational citizenship

Question 26

Which of the following is associated with the study of individuals?

A)norms
B)roles
C)team building
D)perception

Question 27

The ________ component of attitude is based on emotions.

A)cognitive
B)behavioral
C)affective
D)practical

Question 28

The three components that make up an attitude are ________ components.

A)cognitive,affective,and behavioral
B)active,behavioral,and adjustable
C)emotional,creative,and environmental
D)intentional,reactive,and adjustable

Question 29

Individual behavior in organizations includes ________.

A)strategies,norms,and roles
B)attitudes,learning,and motivation
C)structure,culture,and team building
D)policies and procedures

Question 30

The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job or actively participates in it refers to the employee's ________.

A)job involvement
B)organizational commitment
C)global commitment
D)job satisfaction

Question 31

In the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI),"sensing" personality types are those who ________.

A)like solving new problems and dislike doing the same thing over and over again
B)use reason and logic to handle problems
C)have a high need for closure and show patience with routine details
D)are outgoing,social,and assertive

Question 32

When someone chooses to act in a certain way,she is demonstrating the ________ component of her attitude.

A)cognitive
B)behavioral
C)affective
D)practices

Question 33

Which of the following is true for organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)?

A)OCB is a performance measure of efficiency.
B)The requirements of OCB are spelt out in employee job profiles.
C)OCB studies the behavior leading to permanent withdrawal from an organization.
D)OCB is discretionary behavior which promotes the effective functioning of the organization.

Question 34

Which component of attitude is reflected in the sentence,"This is the best way to reach the place."?

A)cognitive
B)behavioral
C)emotive
D)affective

Question 35

________ is defined as the failure to report to work.

A)Turnover
B)Tardiness
C)Absenteeism
D)Negligence

Question 36

The study of group behavior includes the study of ________.

A)perception,motivation,and learning
B)attitudes and personality
C)norms,roles,and leadership
D)organization structure and culture

Question 37

In the statement,"The highway is very busy at 5 p.m.,and is scary to drive on,so I'll wait until 7 p.m.to go home," the word "scary" represents which component of an attitude?

A)cognitive
B)behavioral
C)practical
D)affective

Question 38

________ is employees' general belief that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being.

A)Job involvement
B)Organizational commitment
C)Perceived organizational support
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 39

In the statement,"The highway is very busy at 5 p.m.and is scary to drive on,so I'll wait until 7 p.m.to go home," the phrase,"so I'll wait until 7 p.m.to go home," represents which component of an attitude?

A)cognitive
B)behavioral
C)emotive
D)affective

Question 40

The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that the intensity of the desire to reduce dissonance is determined by ________.

A)importance,influence,and rewards
B)economics,politics,and organizational structure
C)stability,position,and power
D)awareness,status,and punishments

Question 41

According to the Big Five Model of personality,a person who has a wide range of interests and is imaginative,fascinated with novelty,artistically sensitive,and intellectual is described as ________.

A)conscientious
B)extraverted
C)emotionally stable
D)open to experience

Question 42

________ is a personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior according to external situational factors.

A)Machiavellianism
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-monitoring
D)Locus of control

Question 43

Which of the following is true of a person who believes that "the ends justify the means"?

A)He is likely to be low on self-confidence.
B)He is likely to be high in Machiavellianism.
C)He is likely to have an external locus of control.
D)He is likely to be risk averse.

Question 44

Which of the following is true according to the MBTI®?

A)Introverted types are practical and prefer routine and order.
B)Feeling types use reason and logic to handle problems.
C)Perceiving types are rigid and structured.
D)Judging types want control and prefer their world to be ordered.

Question 45

If you believe that you control your own destiny,which of the following personality traits are you likely to possess?

A)external locus of control
B)risk aversion
C)high self-esteem
D)internal locus of control

Question 46

Sarah,the floor supervisor,seems to be a different person depending on whom she is with and what the situation demands.She has the ability to adjust her behavior as and when required.This indicates that she ________.

A)has low self-esteem
B)is low on Machiavellianism
C)has a high risk appetite
D)is high in self-monitoring

Question 47

A person who can adapt and adjust behavior to external factors has ________.

A)low self-esteem
B)an internal locus of control
C)high self-monitoring
D)high risk-taking ability

Question 48

A person who believes that what happens to him is due to luck or chance is said to have a(n)________.

A)internal locus of control
B)Machiavellian personality
C)external locus of control
D)self-monitoring personality

Question 49

According to research,employees who have a high internal locus of control ________.

A)exhibit more satisfaction with their jobs than externals
B)are more alienated from their work setting than externals
C)are less involved in their jobs as compared to externals
D)blame their bosses for poor performance more often than externals

Question 50

If you are a good planner and purposeful,you would probably score high on the ________ trait of MBTI®.

A)extraversion
B)perceiving
C)introversion
D)judging

Question 51

In the Big Five Model of personality,________ refers to the degree to which someone is good-natured,cooperative,and trusting.

A)extraversion
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)emotional stability

Question 52

If you like yourself,then your personality would be described as having ________.

A)an internal locus of control
B)a low Machiavellianism score
C)high self-esteem
D)an external locus of control

Question 53

People with high self-esteem ________.

A)are more prone to conform to the beliefs of those they respect
B)are more likely to seek approval from others
C)are more likely to take unpopular stands
D)are more susceptible to external influence

Question 54

The Big Five Model of personality includes ________.

A)intuition
B)judgement
C)perception
D)extraversion

Question 55

Though clearly capable,Mary does not seem very confident of herself.She is always unsure of whether she can handle assignments that are difficult and as a result ends up choosing jobs that are fairly straight forward and involve routine work.She is also susceptible to evaluations from other people.Mary seems to have ________.

A)high cognitive dissonance
B)a high Machiavellianism score
C)low self-monitoring
D)low self-esteem

Question 56

If your boss could be described as flexible,adaptable,and tolerant,he or she would probably score high on which of the following aspects of the MBTI®?

A)extraversion
B)sensing
C)feeling
D)perceiving

Question 57

Anna has recently been promoted to the managerial ranks which has increased her interaction with the senior managers at her company.She realizes that Peter,her assistant manager,exhibits a distinct lack of emotional involvement with his colleagues and subordinates.His entire focus is on achieving the goals he sets,no matter what the course he has to take to get there.These traits lead Anna to conclude that Peter ________.

A)is high on Machiavellianism
B)has low self-esteem
C)is high on self-monitoring
D)has high cognitive dissonance

Question 58

An individual who is high in ________ is pragmatic,maintains emotional distance,and believes that ends can justify means.

A)self-esteem
B)Machiavellianism
C)self-monitoring
D)risk taking

Question 59

As a manager,if you prefer to have a harmonious work environment and dislike reprimanding your subordinates,you would probably score high on the ________ aspect of the MBTI®.

A)perception
B)thinking
C)intuition
D)feeling

Question 60

In the Big Five Model of personality,conscientiousness refers to ________.

A)the degree to which someone is calm,enthusiastic,and secure (positive)or tense,nervous,depressed,and insecure (negative)
B)the degree to which someone is sociable,talkative,assertive,and comfortable in relationships with others
C)the degree to which someone is reliable,responsible,dependable,persistent,and achievement oriented
D)the degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over certain factors

Question 61

Andrew is social,friendly,and understanding,and prefers activities that involve helping and developing others.Which of the following occupations is a potentially good match for him?

A)accountant
B)teacher
C)artist
D)news reporter

Question 62

When Darrin went to a career counselor,Joanna,he took a test that would allow the counselor to gain an insight into his personality.After speaking to Darrin and analyzing his answers in the test,Joanna realized that he is curious by nature.He preferred activities that involved understanding and organizing,and that he is basically analytical.Which of the following occupations is a potentially good match for him?

A)painter
B)farmer
C)social worker
D)news reporter

Question 63

Kevin is a whirlwind as a research and development supervisor.His colleagues are surprised that even though he makes decisions very quickly and always with less information than others,his decisions are as good as anybody else's.This information implies that Kevin has ________.

A)an external locus of control
B)low Machiavellianism
C)high risk-taking ability
D)low cognitive dissonance

Question 64

________ theory explains how we judge people differently depending on what meaning we ascribe to a given behavior.

A)Perception
B)Behavior
C)Attribution
D)Social contrast

Question 65

Emotional intelligence has been shown to be ________.

A)negatively related to job performance at all levels
B)negatively related to job performance in middle management only
C)positively related to job performance only in government agencies
D)positively related to job performance at all levels

Question 66

________ behavior is voluntary or learned behavior.

A)Reflexive
B)Dissonant
C)Operant
D)Reactive

Question 67

What is a key point of Holland's theory?

A)There are no intrinsic differences in personality among individuals.
B)All jobs are relatively the same,it is personality types that differ.
C)People in job environments compatible with their personality types should be more satisfied.
D)Employee turnover is highest when personality and occupation are compatible.

Question 68

________ is the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort while putting the blame for personal failure on external factors such as luck.

A)Assumed similarity
B)Stereotyping
C)Fundamental attribution error
D)Self-serving bias

Question 69

A manager makes decisions very quickly and requires little information for making the decisions.Which of the following is a likely reason for this?

A)The manager has low self-esteem.
B)The manager has an external locus of control.
C)The manager is high in emotional stability.
D)The manager is high in risk-taking.

Question 70

When people judge someone on the basis of the perception of a group they are a part of,they are using the shortcut called ________.

A)stereotyping
B)self-serving bias
C)assumed similarity
D)the halo effect

Question 71

In ________,the observer's perception of others is influenced more by the observer's own characteristics than by those of the person observed.

A)stereotyping
B)self-serving bias
C)assumed similarity
D)the halo effect

Question 72

If everyone who's faced with a similar situation responds in the same way,we can say the behavior shows ________.

A)reliability
B)distinctiveness
C)consensus
D)internal attribution

Question 73

Holland's theory proposes that satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest when ________.

A)the locus of control is external
B)an employee is social and realistic
C)personality and occupation are compatible
D)an employee can adjust behavior to external factors

Question 74

A test that Jake took at a career counseling session indicated that he preferred coordinated physical activity.He also turned out to be stable and conforming to expected standards.Which of the following occupations is likely to be a good match for Jake?

A)counselor
B)farmer
C)biologist
D)economist

Question 75

Bridget prefers rule-regulated,orderly,and unambiguous activities.She doesn't have a lot of imagination but could be described as conforming and efficient.Which of the following describes Bridget's personality?

A)social
B)artistic
C)enterprising
D)conventional

Question 76

Underestimating the influence of external factors and overestimating the influence of internal factors when making judgments about others is known as the ________.

A)fundamental attribution error
B)self-serving bias
C)assumption of similarity
D)halo effect

Question 77

People who identify opportunities,show initiative,take action,and persevere until meaningful change occurs are said to have ________ personalities.

A)proactive
B)self-aware
C)resilient
D)agreeable

Question 78

________ is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions to give meaning to the environment.

A)Attribution
B)Selection
C)Learning
D)Perception

Question 79

The ability to sense how others are feeling is known as ________.

A)emotional stability
B)empathy
C)resilience
D)self-awareness

Question 80

By using ________,we form a general impression about a person based on only a single characteristic,such as intelligence or appearance.

A)stereotyping
B)selectivity
C)the halo effect
D)assumed similarity