Deck 40: Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Question 1

Which of the following statements BEST describes how cheetahs are adapted to deal with the heat generated by their extreme sprint speeds?

A)They can store up to 60 times the heat generated at rest, but only for short periods.
B)They can store up to 60 times the heat generated at rest for use in long chases.
C)They can store about twice the heat generated at rest for use in long chases.
D)They can store up to 100 times the heat generated at rest, but only for short periods.
E)They can store about 20 times the heat generated at rest for use in long chases.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

You've jogged across campus and arrived at your class on time. As you walk to your seat, you notice that you are still breathing more heavily than usual. This is because you are experiencing the _____ metabolism necessary to reestablish the resting metabolic rate of your cells.

Answer 2

recovery

Question 3

In muscle tissue, protein consumed in the diet but not immediately used is stored as adipose tissue.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Animals that obtain most of their heat from the environment are:

A)ectotherms.
B)cold-blooded.
C)more likely to use behavioral means to regulate body temperature than physiological means.
D)unable to maintain a constant core body temperature.
E)most active in the night in order to generate as much heat as possible.

Question 5

Some muscle cells are able to carry out the reaction shown in the figure below when oxygen is unavailable. The purpose of this reaction is that, when O₂ is not available:

A)muscle cells use pyruvate as their main energy source.
B)muscle cells use lactate as their principal energy source.
C)NAD⁺ must be regenerated for glycolysis to proceed.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about metabolic rate is FALSE?

A)The metabolic rate per gram of tissue is greater in large endotherms than in small endotherms.
B)The metabolic rate per gram of tissue is greater in endotherms than in ectotherms.
C)The metabolic rate per gram of tissue in ectotherms is dependent on external temperature.
D)Metabolic rate may be measured by determining the rate of oxygen consumption.
E)An organism's overall metabolic rate increases with the animal's mass.

Question 7

The approach most commonly used to measure metabolic rate is to measure the rate of O₂ consumption. Although there are small errors inherent in this method, it is easy, and provides a good estimate of metabolic rate. Why is the rate of oxygen consumption an appropriate measure of metabolic rate?

A)Metabolic rate is the amount of energy used per unit time. The production of usable energy in the form of ATP depends largely on aerobic respiration.
B)Metabolic rate is the amount of energy used per unit time. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P_i is an aerobic process.
C)Metabolic rate is the amount of energy released in anabolic processes, and anabolic processes are aerobic.

Question 8

A gram of elephant tissue has a higher resting metabolic rate than a gram of mouse tissue.

Question 9

Reactions that break down food sources to fuel the energy needs of a cell are called anabolic, whereas those that result in net energy storage are called catabolic.

Question 10

Endotherms usually, but don't always, maintain a _____ body temperature that is _____ than that of the environment.

A)constant; higher
B)constant; lower
C)constant; identical to
D)fluctuating; higher
E)fluctuating; identical to

Question 11

Which of the following is a source of energy that animals oxidize in order to synthesize ATP?

A)O₂
B)carbohydrates
C)CO₂
D)lipids
E)proteins

Question 12

Why does it make sense to include temperature regulation in the same chapter as nutrition and digestion?

A)The rate of energy consumption is, in part, a function of body temperature.
B)Ectotherms receive most of their body heat from surroundings.
C)Ectothermy and endothermy are extremes of a continuum of thermoregulatory mechanisms.
D)Thermoregulation in ectotherms is energetically costly.

Question 13

Given what you have learned about metabolic rates in endotherms and ectotherms, which of the following can you infer?

A)Ectotherms can be active for much longer periods than endotherms.
B)Endotherms have a higher density of mitochondria than ectotherms.
C)Ectotherms have an overall higher metabolic rate than endotherms.
D)An endotherm requires less food than an ectotherm of the same size.

Question 14

You are literally running late to class. After your initial panic, you realize that you can make it on time at your regular jogging pace. You've been jogging for a few minutes and have a few minutes left before you arrive. At this point, how are your muscles providing themselves with energy?

A)anaerobic glycolysis
B)aerobic glycolysis
C)lactic acid fermentation
D)aerobic respiration
E)oxidative fermentation

Question 15

Anaerobic metabolism:

A)occurs in the cytosol in the absence of oxygen.
B)provides rapid, short-term energy.
C)breaks glucose down into carbon dioxide.
D)leads to the maximum possible yield of ATP in a cell.
E)occurs in the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen.

Question 16

Which of the following represent limitations on a cheetah's ability to be an effective predator?

A)They must rest for long periods between sprints.
B)They cannot run when the temperature is above about 105^oF.
C)They cannot successfully prey on goats, which can release excess heat as they run.
D)They lose incredible amounts of heat during a sprint, causing their muscles to tighten after a short period of time.
E)They have a top speed significantly lower than that of most of their desired prey.

Question 17

Metabolic rate increases with animal mass raised to the three-quarter power, a relationship known as the three-quarter power law. If instead metabolic rate scaled proportionally to mass, then an animal twice the mass of another animal would have a metabolic rate:

A)more than twice that of the other animal.
B)less than twice that of the other animal.
C)twice that of the other animal.
D)equal to the other animal.
E)four times that of the other animal.

Question 18

Assuming that aerobic metabolism starts with glucose as its fuel, at least _____% of the energy of the starting molecules will be captured in a useful form. The remaining energy will be converted to _____ and will be either lost or used to _____.

A)34; heat; warm the animal
B)34; electricity; keep the circulatory system functioning
C)58; heat; warm the animal
D)75; light; carry out photosynthesis
E)42; light; carry out photosynthesis

Question 19

Which of the following accurately describe(s) ectotherms compared to endotherms of similar size at similar body temperatures?

A)Ectotherm metabolic rates are about 25% those of endotherms.
B)Ectotherms cannot sustain prolonged activity for as long as endotherms can.
C)Ectotherms can survive much longer periods without food than can endotherms.
D)Ectotherm metabolic rates decrease as body temperature increases.
E)Ectotherms never reach the activity levels of endotherms.

Question 20

In muscle and liver tissue, glucose consumed in the diet but not immediately used is stored as _____.

Question 21

Larger animals have higher resting metabolic rates than smaller animals.

Question 22

Ectotherms always have a higher metabolic rate than endotherms of the same size.

Question 23

Aerobic metabolism:

A)occurs in the mitochondria.
B)provides energy for longer-term, sustainable activity in contrast to anaerobic metabolism.
C)leads to the production of energy-rich NADH and FADH₂ molecules.
D)leads to the production of lactic acid in muscle cells.
E)utilizes oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain, releasing water.

Question 24

An animal's metabolic rate can be affected by its:

A)activity level.
B)body size.
C)body temperature.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 25

You realize that you are late for class and begin to run across campus, which is equivalent to 15 minutes of very hard exercise. After your muscles use their stores of phosphocreatine, they will next provide themselves with energy using:

A)oxidative phosphorylation.
B)aerobic glycolysis.
C)lactic acid fermentation.
D)aerobic respiration.
E)oxidative fermentation.

Question 26

Animals that produce most of their own heat as by-products of metabolism are:

A)endotherms.
B)active over a broad range of external temperatures.
C)likely to respond to cool temperatures with peripheral vasodilation.
D)unable to carry out fermentation in anaerobic conditions.
E)most active in the heat of the daytime.

Question 27

Per unit weight, stored fat yields more than twice the energy of stored glycogen.

Question 28

An individual in positive energy balance takes in more energy than he or she expends. The highest-energy form of energy storage is:

A)muscle tissue.
B)glucose in the blood and cells.
C)adipose tissue.
D)glycogen in the liver.

Question 29

Endotherms:

A)generate heat from the breakdown of food and other metabolic reactions.
B)usually maintain a constant body temperature that is higher than that of their environment.
C)include mammals and birds.
D)have high metabolic rates.

Question 30

An elephant has a higher total resting metabolic rate than a mouse.

Question 31

Which of the following animals has the HIGHEST resting metabolic rate?

A)elephant
B)lion
C)eagle
D)frog
E)bumblebee

Question 32

An animal's metabolic rate is best defined as:

A)its overall rate of energy use.
B)the total amount of oxygen consumed by an animal.
C)a measure of how quickly ATP is produced by body cells.
D)a measure of how quickly food is digested.
E)its overall activity level.

Question 33

Biological food sources are broken down into a form of energy that cells use to do work. This usable form of energy is _____, which is a(n) _____.

A)ATP; amino acid
B)cAMP; nucleotide triphosphate
C)ADP; nucleic acid
D)glucose; carbohydrate
E)ATP; nucleotide triphosphate

Question 34

As activity level and metabolic rate increase, _____ is generated as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics.

Question 35

Nearly all animals rely on three main classes of molecule as sources of energy and building blocks for growth and development. They are:

A)carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids.
B)nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
C)proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
D)carbohydrates, sugars, and lipids.
E)sugars, proteins, and fats.

Question 36

Ectotherms often regulate their body temperatures by _____ means.

A)metabolic
B)behavioral
C)cellular
D)passive

Question 37

Which of the following groups of molecules commonly serve as sources of energy for animals?

A)proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
B)proteins and carbohydrates
C)carbohydrates and lipids
D)proteins and lipids
E)carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids

Question 38

Endotherms have higher metabolic rates than do ectotherms and are therefore able to be active over a narrower range of environmental temperatures.

Question 39

_____ reactions result in net energy storage within an organism's cells.

A)Catabolic
B)Anabolic
C)Anaerobic
D)Aerobic

Question 40

Which of the following groups of animals is found in the same environment, and has similar heat storage adaptations, as cheetahs?

A)gazelles
B)rhinos
C)giraffes
D)elephants

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the breakdown of carbohydrates is FALSE?

A)Aerobic respiration is very efficient and captures the majority of the energy available in each glucose molecule in a usable form (ATP).
B)During glycolysis, starches are broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
C)Glycolysis does not require oxygen.
D)ATP is produced during both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
E)Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, whereas the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria.

Question 42

Most proteins consumed in the diet:

A)are absorbed and maintained as functional proteins if the body needs that particular protein.
B)are broken down into amino acids and absorbed, and may be re-polymerized into the proteins the body needs.
C)are digested into nucleic acids and absorbed, and may be fed into cellular respiration pathways.
D)are digested into amino acids and then enter into cellular respiration pathways to be reduced so they provide energy to the organism.

Question 43

Energy balance is a form of _____.

Question 44

A molecule of the fatty acid palmitic acid yields approximately 106 molecules of ATP. How is this possible if fatty acids are not substrates for glycolysis?

A)Fatty acid oxidation produces the electron carriers FADH₂ and NADH as well as molecules of acetyl CoA, all of which directly or indirectly provide substrates for the electron transport chain.
B)Fatty acids donate their electrons directly to the electron transport chain.
C)Palmitic acid is first converted to glucose in order to begin the sequence of steps necessary for oxidative phosphorylation.
D)Palmitic acid produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and therefore does not need to go through the steps of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport chain.

Question 45

An amino acid that cannot be synthesized by cellular biochemical pathways (and therefore must be obtained from the diet) is called a(n) _____ amino acid.

A)necessary
B)essential
C)important
D)extra
E)critical

Question 46

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Oxygen debt is the difference between an animal's immediate need for oxygen at the start of activity and the energy supplied by anaerobic metabolism.
B)Recovery metabolism is accompanied by increased heart rates and respiration rates.
C)An animal's oxygen consumption remains elevated for a brief period after activity ends.
D)Recovery metabolism allows a cell to replenish depleted ATP stores and metabolize lactic acid.
E)All of these answer choices are true.

Question 47

Essential amino acids are those that:

A)cannot be synthesized biochemically and must be taken in through the diet.
B)can only be found in plants.
C)include minerals such as calcium and iron.
D)provide essential vitamins.

Question 48

Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis, and therefore oxidative phosphorylation within the cell is totally dependent on a constant source of glucose.

A)This statement is true.
B)This statement is incorrect because different carbohydrates may enter glycolysis at different steps in the pathway.
C)This statement is incorrect because amino acids may furnish substrates for later steps in cellular respiration.
D)This statement is incorrect because fats may also serve as a substrate for cellular respiration.
E)This statement is incorrect because carbohydrates other than glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids can all supply substrates used in cellular respiration.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Endotherms regulate their body temperature, whereas ectotherms do not.
B)Endotherms can be active over a broader range of external temperatures than endotherms.
C)Endotherms must eat more frequently than ectotherms.
D)Endotherms can be active for longer periods than ectotherms.
E)Ectotherms can have higher core body temperatures than endotherms depending on environmental conditions.

Question 50

Suction feeding is an important adaptation that is seen in many aquatic organisms with jaws. The figure below shows mandible (the lower jaw bone) length versus width in several species of whale. The authors were testing the hypothesis that certain species of whales that lack jaws that extend from the skull capture prey with their jaws instead of using suction feeding. Filled symbols represent suction feeders. These data support the hypothesis of the authors.

Question 51

A lizard is sitting on a rock on a cool, cloudy morning. As the day progresses the sun comes out and the temperatures of the rock and the lizard increase. What changes are expected in the lizard's metabolic rate and activity level?

A)Both the metabolic rate and activity level increase.
B)Both the metabolic rate and activity level decrease.
C)The metabolic rate would increase and the activity level decrease.
D)The metabolic rate would decrease and the activity level increase.
E)The metabolic rate and activity level do not change.

Question 52

Many organisms that filter feed are sedentary. Which of the following is a characteristic that increases the amount of food obtained through filter feeding?

A)increasing the size of the mouth
B)increasing the volume of water taken in
C)decreasing the volume of water taken in
D)decreasing the size of the mouth

Question 53

Essential amino acids must be supplied in the diet because:

A)essential amino acids are the only ones that can be oxidized when necessary for ATP synthesis and cellular respiration.
B)essential amino acids are necessary for protein biosynthesis, but we do not have the biochemical pathways to synthesize those amino acids.
C)proteins cannot be synthesized without amino acids, therefore all amino acids are essential.

Question 54

Chemical elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that are required in the diet and must be obtained from the food an animal eats are otherwise known as:

A)vitamins.
B)essential amino acids.
C)non-essential amino acids.
D)minerals.
E)fat.

Question 55

As you move from sitting in class to riding your bike to your next class, what happens to your metabolic rate and levels of oxygen consumption?

A)Oxygen consumption and metabolic rate will both increase.
B)Oxygen consumption and metabolic rate will both decrease.
C)Oxygen consumption will increase and metabolic rate will decrease.
D)Oxygen consumption will increase and metabolic rate will increase.
E)Oxygen consumption and metabolic rate will remain constant.

Question 56

The MOST reliable food source containing all of the essential amino acids for humans is:

A)meat.
B)beans.
C)corn.
D)sunflower seeds.
E)flavored corn chips.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about metabolic rate is TRUE?

A)Larger animals consume more energy per gram of body tissue than smaller animals.
B)Faster running animals have lower metabolic rates than slower running animals.
C)Basal metabolic rate increases with animal mass raised to the one-quarter power.
D)Larger animals have lower basal metabolic rates than smaller animals.
E)None of the answer options is true.

Question 58

Aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, and hydrolysis of phosphocreatine can all be used by vertebrate muscle cells to generate ATP during active periods. In what order are these mechanisms employed?

A)hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration
B)hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis
C)anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration, hydrolysis of phosphocreatine
D)anaerobic glycolysis, hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, aerobic respiration
E)aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, hydrolysis of phosphocreatine

Question 59

The term "empty calorie" is sometimes used in dietary terminology to denote food lacking in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and so forth.

A)This terminology makes sense because a calorie unaccompanied by vitamins is not useful as a source of energy.
B)This terminology makes sense because a calorie may be empty or full depending on whether it comes from a carbohydrate, protein, or fat.
C)This terminology is misleading because a calorie is a measure of energy, and a calorie has a defined energy content.
D)This terminology is misleading because a calorie is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C, which is irrelevant to living things.

Question 60

Per gram of body tissue, which of the following animals has the HIGHEST resting metabolic rate?

A)mouse
B)elephant
C)polar bear
D)dog
E)cheetah

Question 61

An individual with vitamin D deficiency will experience which of the following problems?

A)difficulty absorbing sufficient amounts of calcium from the diet
B)slow wound healing
C)bleeding gums and loss of teeth
D)anemia
E)nervous system disorders

Question 62

Some people who contract malaria are weak during recovery and cannot exert themselves for any length of time because the parasitic infection has caused the rupture of a large percentage of blood cells. Some people suggest that they should eat rare steak while in recovery. What is the premise of this suggestion?

A)Eating rare steak will help increase the iron content in their bodies, which can be used in forming new red blood cells.
B)Eating rare steak will supply all eight essential amino acids, which are important for building new muscle.
C)The steak is high in protein and provides many calories without too much fat.
D)Digesting the protein in the steak takes time, therefore energy is provided slowly in the hours after the meal.

Question 63

In what order are internal fuel reserves consumed during starvation?

A)glycogen, fat, protein
B)glycogen, protein, fat
C)fat, glycogen, protein
D)fat, protein, glycogen
E)protein, fat, glycogen

Question 64

When an individual loses weight, he or she is in _____ energy balance.

A)positive
B)negative
C)stable

Question 65

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)An excess intake of food results in a shift in metabolism to mostly catabolic processes.
B)For an animal in energy balance, the amount of calories obtained from food is equal to the amount of calories used to meet its metabolic needs.
C)Animals in a negative energy balance will begin to deplete their glycogen and fat reserves.
D)A net positive energy intake results in the growth of fat stores.
E)An excess intake of food results in a shift in metabolism to mostly anabolic processes.

Question 66

During starvation, humans and other animals deplete glycogen and fat reserves first, followed by protein.

Question 67

Most individuals who include meat in their diet don't need to carefully monitor the protein that they eat. However, vegetarians must monitor their diet more closely to ensure they are getting the appropriate levels of:

A)vitamins.
B)essential amino acids.
C)fats.
D)carbohydrates.

Question 68

Humans are capable of synthesizing 12 of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids without having to obtain them from their diets.

Question 69

The most reliable dietary source of all eight essential amino acids is:

A)meat.
B)nuts.
C)vegetables.
D)whole grains.
E)dairy products.

Question 70

Which of the following vitamins is lipid soluble?

A)the vitamin labeled A
B)the vitamin labeled B

Question 71

Organic molecules that are required in small amounts in the diet are called _____ and have diverse roles, including participating in enzymatic reactions.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT an example of a dietary mineral?

A)nitrogen
B)zinc
C)calcium
D)phosphorus
E)sodium

Question 73

Basic life processes account for what percentage of energy use in animals?

A)70%
B)10%
C)25%
D)50%
E)80%

Question 74

An essential amino acid is defined as one that:

A)cannot be synthesized by cellular biochemical pathways.
B)is necessary for building proteins.
C)cannot be obtained through the diet.
D)functions as a vitamin.
E)is required in large amounts.

Question 75

What can animals do to maintain an energy balance when food supplies become scarce in winter?

A)hibernate to reduce energy expenditure and conserve energy reserves
B)migrate to areas with more abundant food supplies
C)migrate to warmer areas
D)build up enough of a positive energy balance during summer and fall to sustain them through the winter
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 76

When an individual has an energy surplus, he or she stores the extra energy as:

A)carbohydrates.
B)lipids.
C)proteins.
D)nucleic acids.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 77

The blood of some individuals does not carry sufficient oxygen to their tissues. These individuals could be deficient in:

A)magnesium.
B)phosphorous.
C)iron.
D)calcium.
E)potassium.

Question 78

During cool daytime temperatures, an endotherm and an ectotherm both regulate blood flow to their extremities. Which of the following statements reflects how each responds to cooler daytime temperatures?

A)Both endotherms and ectotherms vasodilate vessels to their extremities so that they can gain heat from the environment.
B)Both endotherms and ectotherms vasoconstrict vessels to their extremities so that they can reduce heat loss to the environment.
C)Endotherms vasodilate vessels to their extremities to gain heat from the environment. Ectotherms vasoconstrict vessels to their extremities to reduce heat loss to the environment.
D)Endotherms vasoconstrict vessels to their extremities to gain heat from the environment. Ectotherms vasodilate vessels to their extremities to reduce heat loss to the environment.
E)Endotherms vasoconstrict vessels to their extremities to reduce heat loss to the environment. Ectotherms vasodilate vessels to their extremities to gain heat from the environment.

Question 79

Most vegetarians have to watch their diet closely and eat certain foods in combination, like lentils and corn, to obtain all of their essential amino acids. Which of the following statements is the BEST explanation of why this is so?

A)Lentils are a food high in protein, therefore eating lentils is a good alternative to eating meat.
B)Eating meat provides all eight essential amino acids; because vegetarians don't eat meat, they must combine foods in a way that provides those essential amino acids.
C)Lentils and corn provide precursors to the eight essential amino acids, therefore when they are eaten together the body can produce the essential amino acids.
D)Eating meat only provides some of the essential amino acids, therefore it is fine that vegetarians don't eat meat.

Question 80

A calorie is a:

A)particular quantity of food.
B)measure of the nutritional quality of food.
C)measure of energy.
D)measure of entropy.