Deck 41: Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Question 1

Bushmen hunters exploit the effects of physiological stress by forcing their prey to run when the temperature exceeds the animal's core temperature.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

When does water stop moving by osmosis between two areas of different solute concentration?

A)when all solutes are dissolved in water in both areas
B)when hydrostatic pressure is equal in both areas
C)when osmotic and hydrostatic pressure are equal in both areas
D)when the volume of water in both areas is equal

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Depending on their environments, animals may gain electrolytes:

A)from food.
B)from seawater.
C)across gills and skin.
D)through cellular respiration.
E)from exposure to ultraviolet light.

Answer 3

A, B, C

Question 4

Examine Figure 41.1. As water flows into the region with high solute concentration, it exerts an opposing force called _____ pressure, which eventually prevents additional water from moving into the compartment, bringing the system into equilibrium.

Question 5

Depending on their environments, animals may gain water:

A)by drinking.
B)from food.
C)during cellular respiration.
D)through their lungs.
E)during excretion.

Question 6

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are described as:

A)impermeable.
B)permeable.
C)selectively permeable.
D)diffusible.
E)impervious.

Question 7

You have 1 L of 2 mM uric acid. Conditions change in such a way that all the uric acid precipitates out of solution. What is the final concentration of uric acid in your solution?

A)2 mM
B)1 mM
C)1/2 mM
D)0 mM

Question 8

What would happen if you placed a trout (a freshwater fish) into a saltwater tank at the aquarium and made some observations?

A)The fish would take on water quickly.
B)The fish would lose water.
C)The fish would take on water initially, but could reverse the direction of Cl^- ion movement to deal with excess water.
D)The fish would lose water initially, but could reverse the direction of Cl^- ion movement to deal with excess water.

Question 9

Depending on their environments, animals may lose water:

A)in urine and feces.
B)through their lungs.
C)by sweating.
D)through their gills.
E)during cellular respiration.

Question 10

To counter the ingestion of excess salts, marine teleost fish have specialized cells in their gills that pump _____ ions into the surrounding seawater. As these ions leave the fishes' bodies, they create an electrical gradient that is balanced when _____ ions leave their bodies as well.

A)chloride; sodium
B)potassium; magnesium
C)calcium; sodium
D)sodium; chloride
E)magnesium; potassium

Question 11

Freshwater fish are in a hypotonic environment. How do their gill chloride cells function in this environment?

A)Freshwater fish have chloride cells that actively move chloride ions out of the gills into the surrounding water, with sodium ions following.
B)Freshwater fish have chloride cells that actively move chloride ions out of the gills into the surrounding water, with sodium ions moving in the opposite direction.
C)Freshwater fish have chloride cells that actively move chloride ions into the gills, with sodium ions following.
D)Freshwater fish have chloride cells that actively move chloride ions into the gills, with sodium ions moving in the opposite direction.

Question 12

The excretory organs of different organisms are extremely varied. What do all excretory organs have in common?

A)a filtration system that results in a filtrate that is more concentrated than the body fluids
B)a filtration system that filters nitrogenous waste from the body fluids
C)a filtration system that relies on active transport to alter initial concentration of the filtrate
D)a filtration system that relies on extensive tubules with high ratio of surface area to volume to remove wastes

Question 13

Despite being an osmoconformer, a shark still spends energy to regulate the concentrations of individual ions such as potassium, chloride, and sodium.

Question 14

Depending on their environments, animals may lose electrolytes:

A)across the gills.
B)in sweat.
C)in urine.
D)in feces.
E)by cellular respiration.

Question 15

Examine Figure 41.1. Which of the following BEST describes conditions at equilibrium?

A)No water molecules are moving across the barrier between the two compartments.
B)A net movement of water molecules continues to add water to the right-hand compartment.
C)A net movement of water molecules begins to add water to the left-hand compartment.
D)Water molecules move randomly across the barrier with no net addition of water to either side.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 16

Water molecules move by:

A)random molecular motion.
B)active transport.
C)osmosis.
D)facilitated diffusion.

Question 17

Osmoconformers tend to live in environments with variable solute concentrations.

Question 18

Marine fish:

A)lose electrolytes across the gills.
B)gain water across the gills.
C)gain electrolytes across gills.
D)gain electrolytes from drinking.
E)lose water across gills.

Question 19

Fish in a marine environment must maintain a relatively constant ion concentration in their tissues and blood. How do the chloride cells in the gills aid fish in the removal of excess ions?

A)The chloride cells create a countercurrent system where ions are lost from the body and water is absorbed to dilute other ions (NaCl).
B)The chloride cells create a countercurrent system where water is lost from the body and chloride ions are absorbed.
C)The chloride cells actively move ions into the body and water follows by osmosis.
D)The chloride cells actively remove ions from the body and water follows by osmosis.

Question 20

Bushmen hunters avoid the effects of physiological stress during prolonged hunts by increasing their carbohydrate intake as much as possible before the hunt.

Question 21

Freshwater fish:

A)lose electrolytes across gills.
B)gain water across gills.
C)gain electrolytes across gills.
D)gain electrolytes from drinking.
E)lose water across gills.

Question 22

Water moves from regions of:

A)high water concentration to regions of low water concentration.
B)low water concentration to regions of high water concentration.
C)high solute concentration to regions of low solute concentration.
D)low solute concentration to regions of high solute concentration.
E)low water concentration to regions of low solute concentration.

Question 23

In vertebrates, waste elimination and the regulation of water and electrolyte balance are managed by a renal system composed of paired organs called _____.

Question 24

If solution X has a 2% concentration of NaCl and solution Y has an 8% concentration of NaCl, which of the following statements is CORRECT?

A)Solution X is hypotonic relative to solution Y.
B)Solution X is hypertonic relative to solution Y.
C)Solution X has a higher osmotic pressure than solution Y.
D)Solution X has a lower concentration of water than solution Y.
E)Solution X has a higher solute concentration than solution Y.

Question 25

The internal body fluids of an osmoconformer are described as having:

A)roughly the same total solute concentration as the external environment.
B)a higher solute concentration than the external environment.
C)a lower solute concentration than the external environment.
D)all of the same concentrations of particular ions as the external environment.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 26

If the fluid inside of a cell has a solute concentration of 5%, what would happen if the cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration of 10%?

A)Water molecules would leave the cell by osmosis.
B)Water molecules would enter the cell by osmosis.
C)Water molecules would cross the membrane in both directions, but there would be no net movement of water molecules.
D)There would be no movement of water molecules in either direction.
E)Solute molecules would leave the cell by osmosis.

Question 27

The specialized salt glands that allow marine birds to drink seawater are found in the nasal cavity; in humans, these glands are found in the esophagus.

Question 28

Animals that match their internal osmotic pressures to the osmotic pressures of their external environments are called _____.

Question 29

Osmoregulation is defined as the:

A)control of osmotic pressure through regulation of water and solute levels.
B)movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
C)difference in solute concentration on the two sides of a selectively permeable membrane.
D)movement of water through aquaporins.
E)regulation of membrane permeability.

Question 30

In most organisms, the excretion of wastes is closely tied to the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance.

Question 31

Which of the following structures are NOT associated with ion regulation in animals?

A)nasal salt glands
B)Malpighian tubules
C)tear ducts
D)kidneys

Question 32

Water passes through lipid bilayers:

A)directly by diffusion.
B)through aquaporins by facilitated diffusion.
C)through protein pumps and active transport.
D)through gap junctions.
E)through hemidesmosomes.

Question 33

Osmosis is the movement of water:

A)from lower water concentration to higher water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
B)from higher water concentration to lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
C)between equal water concentration levels across a selectively permeable membrane.
D)from warmer areas to cooler areas across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 34

The body fluid of sharks has a much lower concentration of sodium chloride than that of the surrounding seawater, and sharks are able to remain in osmotic equilibrium with the external environment. How can this be the case?

A)Sharks store enough urea to match the total solute concentration of the surrounding seawater.
B)Sharks are osmoregulators.
C)Sharks maintain high levels of sodium chloride in their skin.
D)Sharks drink large volumes of seawater to compensate for the low salt concentration of their body fluids.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 35

Which large group of animals consists largely of osmoconformers?

A)marine invertebrates
B)bony fish
C)mammals
D)insects
E)amphibians

Question 36

Water is gained through which of the following?

A)All of these choices are correct.
B)eating food
C)drinking water that has a lower solute concentration than body fluids
D)cellular respiration
E)osmosis across the gills of freshwater fish

Question 37

Osmosis describes the movement of:

A)water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
B)water from an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
C)solutes from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
D)solutes from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
E)solutes from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 38

Osmoregulators have _____ internal solute concentrations compared to their external environment.

A)the same
B)different
C)always lower
D)always higher

Question 39

Cells can regulate their internal osmotic pressure by controlling the solute concentration inside of the cell.

Question 40

_____ is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the face of a changing external environment.

Question 41

Two solutions of water and dissolved potassium and glucose are separated by a selectively permeable membrane that only permits the passage of water. If the two solutions have the same total solute concentration, but solution 1 has a higher concentration of potassium and a lower concentration of glucose than solution 2, which of the following statements is CORRECT?

A)There will be no net movement of water molecules between the solutions.
B)There will be net water movement from solution 1 to solution 2.
C)There will be net water movement from solution 2 to solution 1.
D)There will be net glucose movement from solution 2 to solution 1.
E)There will be net potassium movement from solution 1 to solution 2.

Question 42

In an insect, most of the reabsorption of water into body tissues occurs in the:

A)Malpighian tubules.
B)rectum.
C)intestine.
D)Malpighian tubules and intestine.
E)Malpighian tubules and rectum.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about freshwater fish is NOT true?

A)They drink water to replenish water supplies.
B)Chloride cells in the gills actively pump chloride ions into the body.
C)They are osmoregulators.
D)They tend to gain water through osmosis.
E)They maintain body fluid solute concentrations that are higher than that of the surrounding water.

Question 44

Brine shrimp live in salt water, but the level of salt in the water where they reside can differ dramatically from day to day, or longer time scales. In very high salt concentrations, a brine shrimp _____ salt across its gills, and maintains an internal salt concentration that is _____ relative to the water where it lives. In lower salt concentrations, a brine shrimp _____ salt water across its gills, and maintain an internal salt concentration that is _____ relative to the water where it lives.

A)excretes; hypotonic; absorbs, hypertonic
B)absorbs; hypotonic; excretes; hypertonic
C)excretes; hypertonic; absorbs; hypotonic
D)absorbs; hypertonic; excretes; hypotonic

Question 45

Marine fish have impermeable renal tubules, allowing them to reabsorb scarce electrolytes without also reabsorbing water they are trying to eliminate.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about marine bony fish is FALSE?

A)Chloride cells in the gills actively pump chloride ions into the body.
B)They maintain a body fluid solute concentration that is lower than that of the surrounding seawater.
C)They drink water to replenish water supplies.
D)They are osmoregulators.
E)They tend to lose water through osmosis.

Question 47

One of the most extensive animal radiations is that of terrestrial arthropods (including insects). They excrete uric acid as their form of nitrogenous waste. Why does excreting uric acid allow them to conserve more water than a mammal that has extensive kidney tubules for water reabsorption?

A)The high solubility of uric acid allows the excretory system to reabsorb water.
B)Uric acid levels stay high in the blood, maintaining a strong osmotic gradient, which allows water to be reabsorbed.
C)After precipitation, uric acid no longer exerts osmotic pressure; water returns to the hypertonic tissues.
D)After precipitation, uric acid no longer exerts osmotic pressure; water leaves the hypertonic tissues.

Question 48

In unicellular organisms and simple multicellular organisms, wastes are isolated in a cellular compartment called a _____ and are eliminated by exocytosis.

A)contractile vacuole
B)protonephridia
C)Malpighian tubule
D)nephron

Question 49

All excretory organs go through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Question 50

Salmon move between freshwater and marine environments during their life cycle. Which of the following statements about their life cycle is CORRECT?

A)None of the answer options is correct.
B)Juvenile salmon and spawning adult salmon must avoid excessive loss of water.
C)Feeding adult salmon must avoid excessive gain of water.
D)Feeding adult salmon and juvenile salmon must avoid excessive loss of electrolytes.
E)Spawning adult salmon must avoid excessive gain of electrolytes.

Question 51

List the three forms of nitrogenous waste in order from least energetically expensive to produce to most energetically expensive to produce.

A)uric acid, urea, ammonia
B)uric acid, ammonia, urea
C)urea, uric acid, ammonia
D)ammonia, uric acid, urea
E)ammonia, urea, uric acid

Question 52

The internal solute concentrations of osmoregulators are:

A)either higher or lower than the solute concentration of the external environment.
B)similar to the solute concentration of the external environment.
C)higher than the solute concentration of the external environment.
D)lower than the solute concentration of the external environment.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 53

Uric acid produced by insect Malpighian tubules does not influence the movement of water from the hindgut because:

A)it is eliminated by the tubules before water reaches the hindgut.
B)it precipitates due to the low pH of the fluid and therefore does not contribute to osmotic pressure.
C)water moves only in response to the osmotic pressure created by proteins and sugars in the hindgut.
D)uric acid is equally concentrated in the hindgut and in the body fluids.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 54

List the three forms of nitrogenous waste in order from the one that requires the most water to eliminate it to the one that requires the least water to eliminate it.

A)uric acid, urea, ammonia
B)uric acid, ammonia, urea
C)urea, uric acid, ammonia
D)ammonia, uric acid, urea
E)ammonia, urea, uric acid

Question 55

You discover a new type of marine organism that has the kidneys of a fish but no gills. What effect would the absence of gills have on excretion of nitrogenous waste?

A)No effect. Fish kidneys excrete all nitrogenous waste.
B)Nitrogenous excretion decreases because no nitrogen uptake is occurring at the gills.
C)Nitrogenous excretion increases at the kidneys because it cannot be lost at the gills.
D)No effect. Nitrogenous wastes diffuse across the skin.

Question 56

Placing a freshwater flatworm like Planaria in a dilute salt solution results in:

A)more dilute urine.
B)more concentrated urine.
C)no change in urine concentration.

Question 57

Multicellular animals with pressurized circulatory systems use a three-step process to isolate and eliminate wastes. Arrange these steps in order from earliest to latest.

A)filtration, reabsorption, secretion
B)secretion, filtration, reabsorption
C)filtration, secretion, reabsorption
D)reabsorption; filtration, secretion
E)secretion, reabsorption, filtration

Question 58

Which of the following statements about osmoconformers is FALSE?

A)They do not have to adapt to the solute concentrations in the external environment.
B)Their internal osmotic pressure matches that of the surrounding environment.
C)They often actively regulate the concentrations of particular ions in their body fluids.
D)They use less energy to regulate osmotic pressure than osmoregulators.
E)Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.

Question 59

In fish:

A)nitrogenous waste is excreted through the gills.
B)kidneys are primarily organs of water and electrolyte balance.
C)kidneys are proportionally smaller than they are in mammals.
D)kidneys are unsegmented.
E)renal tubules are permeable to water regardless of the type of fish.

Question 60

Because ammonia is very toxic, it is kept at low levels in the body by being:

A)eliminated.
B)converted to urea.
C)stored away from body tissues.
D)converted to uric acid.
E)converted to amino acids.

Question 61

Freshwater flatworms and earthworms are similar in that their excretory systems reabsorb electrolytes and eliminate concentrated urine.

Question 62

In the vertebrate kidney, reabsorption and secretion take place in the renal tubules; after that, the filtrate enters the collecting ducts as _____.

Question 63

When proteins and nucleic acids are broken down, the toxic products are collectively called _____ waste.

Question 64

Most mammals excrete _____; most aquatic animals excrete _____; birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete _____.

A)uric acid; urea; ammonia
B)uric acid; ammonia; urea
C)urea; uric acid; ammonia
D)urea; ammonia; uric acid
E)ammonia; urea; uric acid

Question 65

Which of the following CORRECTLY lists the three forms of nitrogenous waste in order from least to most toxic?

A)uric acid, urea, ammonia
B)uric acid, ammonia, urea
C)urea, uric acid, ammonia
D)urea, ammonia, uric acid
E)ammonia, urea, uric acid

Question 66

Reabsorption is an important process in waste removal by excretory organs. Which of the following occur during reabsorption in vertebrate kidneys?

A)energy is expended
B)water reenters the blood stream
C)nitrogenous compounds reenter the blood stream
D)all electrolytes are removed from the filtrate

Question 67

Which of the following is an advantage of producing very concentrated urine?

A)minimizing water loss
B)reducing the need to drink
C)ability to live in drier environments
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 68

What organ helps concentrate and secrete nitrogenous waste in insects?

A)Malpighian tubules
B)kidneys
C)cloaca
D)protonephridia

Question 69

A cockroach has a very "salty" meal. Which of the following would you expect to occur?

A)Chloride ions will be pumped into the intestinal lumen.
B)The cockroach will drink more water than usual.
C)Excess water will be moved from the intestinal lumen to the hemolymph.
D)Sodium ions will be moved into the intestinal lumen.

Question 70

When animals excrete nitrogenous waste, what form does it take?

A)ammonia
B)urea
C)uric acid
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 71

Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney?

A)glomerulus
B)Bowman's capsule
C)renal tubules
D)collecting ducts
E)Malpighian tubules

Question 72

Nitrogenous wastes are produced through the breakdown of which of the following?

A)proteins
B)glucose
C)lipids
D)carbohydrates
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 73

You discover a new type of marine organism that has the kidneys of a fish but no gills. Based on what you know about other aquatic organisms, the newly discovered organism is _____ compared to the surrounding water.

A)hypertonic
B)hypotonic
C)isotonic

Question 74

Ammonia is the most toxic of the three major forms of nitrogenous waste.

Question 75

Which process is responsible for creating MOST of an animal's nitrogenous waste?

A)protein breakdown during metabolism
B)consuming nitrogen in food
C)respiration
D)toxins in the environment

Question 76

In addition to eliminating toxic compounds, the three-step waste elimination process also allows multicellular organisms to regulate the amount of water and solutes in their bodies.

Question 77

Excreting ammonia directly into the environment:

A)is energetically inexpensive.
B)requires high volumes of water.
C)is energetically expensive.
D)requires little water.
E)converts it into a less toxic form.

Question 78

Uric acid is:

A)often produced by fish.
B)the least energy-expensive way to dispose of nitrogen waste.
C)the least toxic form of nitrogen waste.
D)associated with high water loss.

Question 79

In the vertebrate kidney, blood filtration happens through the walls of special capillaries that form a tufted loop called a _____, which is surrounded by a capsule.

Question 80

Desert reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, which allows them to reabsorb most of the water from their urine.