Deck 14: Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

One function of the ___ is to transfer nutrients and oxygen from the maternal blood to the baby through a network of blood vessels.

A)placenta
B)amniotic sac
C)zygote
D)chorion membrane

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?

A)Secretes hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy
B)Transports waste products from the baby to the mother's blood for elimination
C)Provides the site where fertilization occurs
D)Delivers nutrients and oxygen from the maternal blood to the baby

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Weight gain recommendations during pregnancy are based on:

A)weight at the time of conception.
B)ethnicity.
C)waist-to-hip circumference ratio at the time of conception.
D)ultrasound results (used to size the infant)taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Excess weight gain during pregnancy can increase the mother's risk for:

A)premature delivery.
B)having a low-birth-weight infant.
C)pelvic stress fractures.
D)gestational diabetes.

Question 5

Gestational diabetes is best characterized by:

A)no detectable insulin production.
B)decreased urinary output.
C)elevated blood glucose levels.
D)difficulty with gaining weight during the pregnancy.

Question 6

Hormonal changes during pregnancy may be the cause of minor problems such as:

A)heartburn.
B)constipation.
C)morning sickness.
D)All of these.

Question 7

The ___ is a fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the unborn baby and provides protection.

A)placenta
B)amniotic sac
C)trophoblast
D)blastocyst

Question 8

Women who enter pregnancy with excess weight (BMI ~29)should:

A)lose 5-10 pounds.
B)not gain any additional weight.
C)gain at least 15 pounds.
D)limit themselves to 500 - 600 kcals/day.

Question 9

Neural tube defects in offspring are most closely associated with:

A)maternal folate status.
B)inadequate calcium intake.
D)alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
D)excess protein intake.

Question 10

Which of the following is characteristic of neural tube defects?

A)Improper closure of the hard and/or soft palate
B)Developmental defects of the heart
C)Abnormalities in the long bones of the legs and arms
D)Structural abnormalities associated with the spine and/or brain

Question 11

Infants born at 35 weeks of gestation are classified as:

A)pre-gestational.
B)small-for-gestational-age.
C)premature.
D)postterm.

Question 12

Which of the following is associated with preeclampsia?

A)Elevated blood glucose levels
B)Increased blood pressure
C)Low fasting blood glucose levels
D)Severe diarrhea

Question 13

The recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a healthy,normal weight woman is _______ pounds.

A)5 - 10
B)15 - 20
C)25 - 35
D)40 - 50

Question 14

The maternal energy requirement in the first trimester is:

A)unchanged.
B)increased by 100 kcal/day.
C)increased by 250 kcal/day.
D)increased by 500 kcal/day.

Question 15

To meet protein requirements during pregnancy,an additional ____ grams of protein should be consumed during the second and third trimester.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)25

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct sequence of gestational events?

A)embryo; fetus; zygote
B)zygote; embryo; fetus
C)fetus; embryo; zygote
D)zygote; fetus; embryo

Question 17

Infants born weighing 4.5 pounds are classified as:

A)large-for-gestational-age.
B)premature.
C)low-birth-weight infants.
D)very-low-birth-weight infants.

Question 18

Pica is defined as:

A)an abnormal craving for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substances.
B)nausea and vomiting that occurs typically during the first trimester of pregnancy.
C)swelling due to the buildup of extracellular fluid in body tissues.
D)consistently elevated blood glucose that develops during pregnancy.

Question 19

During pregnancy,enhanced red blood cell formation and cell division increase the requirements for which of the following micronutrients?

A)Iron
B)Vitamin B₁₂
C)Zinc
D)All of these

Question 20

The cell produced by the union of sperm and ovum during fertilization is called a(n):

A)embryo.
B)fetus.
C)zygote.
D)trophoblast.

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?

A)Nicotine in cigarette smoke
B)Some vitamins
C)Alcohol
D)All of these

Question 22

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can:

A)increase risk of preterm delivery.
B)affect brain development.
C)reduce oxygen delivery to the fetus.
D)All of these are correct

Question 23

An indication that a breastfed baby is getting an adequate amount of milk is:

A)the frequency in which they soak diapers a day.
B)how often they cry.
C)how long they sleep during the night.
D)All of these.

Question 24

Compared to formula-fed babies,babies receiving breast milk:

A)grow faster.
B)have fewer allergies,ear infections and respiratory illness.
C)are frequently overfed.
D)walk sooner.

Question 25

The leading cause of preventable birth defects and mental retardation during pregnancy is:

A)tobacco use.
B)coffee consumption.
C)cocaine abuse.
D)alcohol abuse.

Question 26

Energy requirements per unit of body weight in newborn infants are __________ those of an adult.

A)greater than
B)less than
C)approximately equal to
D)dependent on the size of the infant

Question 27

"Failure to thrive" refers to:

A)infants that are formula fed rather than breast fed.
B)the inability of a child's growth to keep up with normal growth curves.
C)changes in the mother's physiology due to hormonal changes after giving birth.
D)inadequate (low)weight gain during pregnancy.

Question 28

The hormone responsible for the "let-down" reflex is:

A)prolactin.
B)estrogen.
C)oxytocin.
D)prolactin stimulating hormone.

Question 29

An infant weighing 7 pounds at birth should weigh ~_________ by 4 months of age.

A)14 pounds
B)9 pounds
C)21 pounds
D)10 pounds

Question 30

During the first 6 months,the macronutrient that contributes the most energy to an infants' diet is:

A)carbohydrate.
B)protein.
C)fat.
D)Kcals should be evenly divided between the energy providing nutrients.

Question 31

The "let-down" reflex refers to:

A)hormonal changes which initiate the process of birth.
B)postpartum depression that mothers experience following birth.
C)muscular contractions which push the infant through the birth canal.
D)a hormonal reflex that causes milk to be released from the milk ducts and flow to the nipple.

Question 32

A teratogen is defined as:

A)an abnormal craving for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substances.
B)a baby born with an extra digit (finger and/or toe).
C)a substance that can cause birth defects.
D)the unexplained death of an infant,usually during sleep.

Question 33

Which of the following stimulates the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland?

A)Infant suckling on the breast
B)Stretching of the cervix during labor
C)Estrogen secretion from the ovaries
D)All of these

Question 34

Solid foods should be introduced into the infant's diet:

A)shortly after birth (within 2 weeks).
B)around 4 to 6 months of age.
C)around 1 year of age.
D)around 1 month of age.

Question 35

During pregnancy,critical periods correspond to:

A)times during growth and development when an organism is more susceptible to harm from poor nutrition or other environmental factors.
B)socioeconomic factors that increase the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes.
C)maternal weight gain.
D)the positioning of the infant in the pelvic cavity.

Question 36

The risk of having a baby born with Down syndrome is most closely associated with:

A)alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
B)impaired folate status.
C)maternal age at time of conception.
D)inadequate (low)weight gain during pregnancy.

Question 37

Colostrum:

A)is a type of formula that has essential fatty acids (EPA and DHA)added.
B)is the first fluid that is produced by the breast after delivery.
C)is the first stool passed by the infant after delivery.
D)is another name for the mature milk produced by the breast.

Question 38

Nursing bottle syndrome refers to:

A)sore nipples from excessive breastfeeding.
B)excessive crying due to pain from gas buildup in the gastrointestinal tract.
C)tooth decay in the upper teeth resulting from putting a child to bed with a bottle containing milk or other sweetened liquids.
D)irritable infant behavior associated with weaning from a bottle to a cup.

Question 39

Colic:

A)can occur in both breast- and bottle-fed infants.
B)is the most common cause of extended hospital stays in infants.
C)is an inflammation of the mammary glands during lactation.
D)is a genetic abnormality that prevents the normal metabolism of phenylalanine.

Question 40

Most newborns receive a shot of ___________ to prevent hemorrhage.

A)iron
B)folate
C)vitamin K
D)vitamin A

Question 41

Which statement about the use of cocaine during pregnancy is FALSE?

A)The effects of cocaine are limited to the very early life of the infant.
B)Cocaine reduces the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
C)Cocaine increases the risk of miscarriage.
D)Cocaine negatively impacts attention span and learning throughout childhood.

Question 42

Gestational diabetes increases the risk for having:

A)a small-for-gestational-age infant.
B)a large-for-gestational-age infant.
C)an infant born with PKU.
D)an infant with a neural tube defect.

Question 43

In humans,a full-term pregnancy is approximately:

A)35 weeks.
B)40 weeks.
C)45 weeks.
D)24 weeks.

Question 44

During pregnancy,__________ is caused by the buildup of extracellular fluid in the tissues,particularly in the lower extremities.

A)edema
B)constipation
C)gestational diabetes
D)pica

Question 45

To supply the developing fetus with the calcium required for teeth and bones,pregnant women should:

A)take 1200 mg of supplemental calcium per day.
B)consume an additional 2 servings of dairy products daily.
C)consume the same amount of calcium that is recommended for non-pregnant women.
D)increase calcium intake by 600 mg/day.

Question 46

There is a strong correlation between length of gestation and:

A)the gender of the fetus.
B)birth order.
C)an infant's birth weight.
D)All of these.

Question 47

Which of the following women should gain the most weight during pregnancy?

A)A women with a pre-pregnancy BMI of 22
B)A 43-year-old woman
C)A woman carrying twins
D)A women with a pre-pregnancy BMI of 29

Question 48

The most severe form of pregnancy-induced hypertension is called:

A)gestational hypertension.
B)preeclampsia.
C)eclampsia.
D)hyperkalemia.

Question 49

Down Syndrome is:

A)due to a chromosomal abnormality.
B)caused by poor folate intake early in pregnancy.
C)strongly related to drinking alcohol during pregnancy.
D)the result of exposure to radiation (x-rays)during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Question 50

The term which describes the inability of a child's growth to keep up with normal growth curves is:

A)let-down.
B)failure to thrive.
C)small-for-gestational age.
D)delay syndrome

Question 51

An important role of the placenta is to :

A)secrete hormones.
B)protect the fetus.
C)provide a site for embryo implantation.
D)maintain maternal blood glucose levels.

Question 52

Which statement about water requirements during pregnancy is FALSE?

A)A pregnant woman needs to drink an additional 4 glasses of water per day.
B)Extra water intake supports the needs of the fetus.
C)More water is required to provide for the amniotic fluid.
D)Higher water requirements support the increase in blood volume.

Question 53

Which statement is FALSE regarding vitamin D during pregnancy?

A)African-Americans have a higher percentage of deficiency.
B)Dietary requirements increase by 50%.
C)Vitamin D is important to support absorption of dietary calcium.
D)70% of pregnant women have low vitamin D levels.

Question 54

The hormonal reflex triggered by the infant's suckling that causes milk to be released from the milk ducts is called the _________ reflex.

A)trickle down
B)flow rate
C)let down
D)rooting

Question 55

Which statement best describes dietary fat requirements during pregnancy?

A)Extra fat is required to provide fuel for the developing fetus.
B)Fat should make up 45% of the kcalories consumed.
C)Total fat does not need to increase,however,there is an increased requirement for essential fatty acids.
D)Fish oil supplements are highly recommended.

Question 56

Older women (>40 years of age)are at increased risk of having a baby born with:

A)PKU.
B)Down syndrome.
C)fetal alcohol syndrome.
D)All of these.

Question 57

Colic is a term used to describe:

A)delayed growth patterns during infancy.
B)inconsolable crying believed to be due to pain from gas buildup in the gastrointestinal tract or immaturity of the central nervous system.
C)infants who are developmentally and physically slow.
D)infants who are unable to latch onto a nipple and suck.

Question 58

Before and during pregnancy,consumption of foods fortified with _________ reduces the incidence of _________ in infants in the U.S.

A)iron; high blood pressure
B)vitamin B₁₂; diabetes
C)calcium; cognitive deficits
D)folic acid; neural tube defects

Question 59

Morning sickness,as well as other discomforts associated with pregnancy,is most likely caused by:

A)shifting positions of internal organs.
B)increased blood volume.
C)hormonal changes.
D)a decrease in metabolic rate.

Question 60

Recommendations for the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension include

A)bed rest.
B)weight loss.
C)exercise.
D)All of these.

Question 61

Summarize the health benefits for the mother and for the infant associated with breastfeeding.

Question 62

Compare the nutrient/kcaloric needs of a woman during pregnancy and the nutrient/kcaloric needs of a woman who is breastfeeding a newborn.

Question 63

Describe the impact of drinking alcohol,smoking cigarettes,and caffeine consumption during pregnancy on the growth and development of the unborn child.

Question 64

Summarize the nutrient recommendations during pregnancy for each of the following nutrients.
a)protein
b)calcium
c)iron
d)folate

Question 65

Which organ is essential for secreting hormones,transferring nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood to the fetus,and removing waste?

Question 66

Differentiate between infants classified as premature,low birth weight,small-for-gestational-age,and large-for-gestational-age.

Question 67

For each of the following nutrients,explain the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that increase the requirement for that nutrient.

A)iron
B)zinc
C)folate

Question 68

Explain how maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes.

Question 69

How much should a baby boy weigh at 15 months of age if they are at the 50^th percentile of growth as established by the CDC?

Question 70

Describe the function of the placenta during pregnancy.

Question 71

Physiological changes during pregnancy can cause minor digestive discomforts (morning sickness,heartburn and constipation).Explain why each of these discomforts may occur and how they may be alleviated.

Question 72

Describe weight gain recommendations for the following pregnant women:

A)women within an ideal weight range
B)women below an ideal weight range
C)women exceeding an ideal weight range

Question 73

For which nutrients is there no increase in need for either pregnant or lactating women?

Question 74

How does gaining TOO LITTLE weight during pregnancy affect fetal birth weight?

Question 75

How can a woman best ensure that her pregnancy will be full-term and that her baby will have a healthy birth weight? Explain how lifestyle can influence the health of an unborn child.

Question 76

What is responsible for the greatest proportion of maternal weight gain during pregnancy?