Deck 9: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Since vitamin A and carotenoids are bound to proteins in foods,___________ is necessary to release them for absorption.

A)pepsin
B)bile
C)amylase
D)lactase

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within ______________.

A)chylomicrons
B)VLDLs
C)LDLs
D)HDLs

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following carotenoids has vitamin A activity in the body?

A)Zeaxanthin
B)Lycopene
C)Lutein
D)Alpha-carotene

Answer 3

D

Question 4

___________ is a visual pigment that helps transform light energy into a nerve impulse sent to the brain.

A)Retinoic acid
B)Opsin
C)Retinal
D)Rhodopsin

Question 5

Vitamin A is stable EXCEPT when exposed to:

A)heat.
B)light and oxygen.
C)cold temperatures such as in a refrigerator.
D)fat.

Question 6

Retin A and Acutane,derived from vitamin A,can do all of the following EXCEPT:

A)reduce skin wrinkles.
B)treat acne.
C)increase epithelial cell turnover.
D)prevent one from getting the flu.

Question 7

Which transports preformed vitamin A from liver stores to tissues?

A)Carotenoid circulating factor
B)Chylomicrons
C)Opsin
D)Retinol binding protein

Question 8

Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables,tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin _____.

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 9

A condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration is:

A)related to acute toxicity.
B)caused by eating egg yolks.
C)called hypercarotenemia.
D)related to jaundice,when the whites of the eyes turn yellow.

Question 10

Vitamin A is essential for ____________.

A)reproduction
B)growth
C)immune function
D)All of these

Question 11

When consumption of __________is insufficient,vitamin A absorption is decreased.

A)protein
B)fat
C)carbohydrate
D)water

Question 12

Which statement about frozen foods is incorrect?

A)Freezing vegetables causes nutrient losses.
B)Fresh produce in grocery stores always has higher nutrient content than frozen produce.
C)Produce is often frozen in the fields where it is grown.
D)Freezing slows the loss of nutrients caused by exposure to heat,light and air.

Question 13

Beta-carotene is LEAST plentiful in which food?

A)Mangos
B)Mustard greens
C)Kiwis
D)Carrots

Question 14

The carotenoid with the most vitamin A activity is ____________.

A)beta-carotene
B)alpha-carotene
C)beta-cryptoxanthin
D)lycopene

Question 15

Deficiencies of vitamins _____ and _____ are most common in developing countries.

A)A & E
B)D & K
C)A & D
D)E & K

Question 16

Which statement about canned vegetables is FALSE?

A)Canning exposes vegetables to high temperatures,reducing their nutrient content.
B)Canned vegetables are typically high in salt.
C)Canned vegetables have a very long shelf life.
D)Current dietary recommendations are to rarely,if ever,consume canned vegetables.

Question 17

Excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements could cause all of the following EXCEPT:

A)liver damage.
B)birth defects.
C)increased incidence of bone fracture.
D)acne.

Question 18

Which statement about fat soluble vitamins is FALSE?

A)They can function in the control of gene expression.
B)Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods.
C)Intake can vary without risking deficiency as long as the average intake is adequate.
D)After absorption,they are transported in the lymphatic system.

Question 19

Fat soluble vitamins require _______ and _______ for absorption into intestinal cells.

A)bile and lymph
B)lymph and dietary fat
C)lymph and chylomicrons
D)bile and dietary fat

Question 20

Which form of vitamin A is involved in vision?

A)Beta-carotene
B)Lycopene
C)Retinal
D)Retinoic acid

Question 21

Xerophthalmia occurs from:

A)high intake of preformed vitamin A.
B)vitamin A deficiency.
C)low intake of carrots.
D)excess consumption of cow's milk.

Question 22

The primary function of vitamin D in the body is to:

A)prevent anemia.
B)regulate calcium and phosphorus levels.
C)modulate iron levels.
D)support night vision.

Question 23

A vitamin D-deficiency syndrome characterized by bone deformities in children is called:

A)rickets.
B)xerophthalmia.
C)scurvy.
D)osteomalacia.

Question 24

Differentiation,or the process by which cells become more specialized,is most affected by which form of vitamin A?

A)Alpha-carotene
B)Retinal
C)Retinoic acid
D)Retinol

Question 25

When vitamin A is deficient,all of the following occur EXCEPT:

A)new epithelial cells do not differentiate properly.
B)epithelial cells produce a hard protein found in hair and fingernails.
C)epithelial cells produce too much mucus.
D)the likelihood of infection is increased.

Question 26

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents?

A)To provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A.
B)To determine the amount of vitamin A lost in processing.
C)To quantify the decrease in vitamin A function due to exercise or activity.
D)To estimate the bioavailability of vitamin A from different food sources.

Question 27

Adequate vitamin D intake has been associated with:

A)increasing cancer risk.
B)stimulating insulin secretion and predisposing to development of type 2 diabetes.
C)inhibiting the development of autoimmune disorders.
D)increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 28

African Americans are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A)their darkly pigmented skin filters out more light.
B)they spend less time in the sun than people of other ethnic backgrounds.
C)they consume less milk.
D)they have a higher incidence of lactose intolerance.

Question 29

Which is NOT considered a good dietary source of vitamin E?

A)Fortified breakfast cereals
B)Soybean oil
C)Peanuts
D)Dark orange and yellow vegetables

Question 30

Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of _________ is (are)ingested.

A)carrot juice
B)egg yolks
C)polar bear liver
D)preformed vitamin A supplements

Question 31

The primary function of vitamin E is:

A)to act as an antioxidant.
B)to increase absorption of calcium in the small intestine.
C)to regulate acid-base balance.
D)to regulate glucose levels.

Question 32

Vitamin D acts primarily in the:

A)skin and liver.
B)stomach and pancreas.
C)intestine,kidney and bone.
D)heart and lungs.

Question 33

Which statement about cholecalciferol is FALSE?

A)It is the chemical name for vitamin D₃.
B)It is formed in the skin of humans by exposure to sunlight.
C)It is derived from cholesterol.
D)It is destroyed by UV light.

Question 34

The actions of vitamin D do NOT include:

A)regulating thyroid hormone synthesis.
B)stimulating intestinal calcium absorption.
C)breaking down of bone to release calcium into the blood.
D)increasing calcium reabsorption by the kidneys.

Question 35

Keratomalacia most severely effects the:

A)eyes.
B)liver.
C)skin.
D)tongue.

Question 36

When vitamin A is deficient,there is a delay in the regeneration of the visual pigment.Which statement is incorrect?

A)This condition is called night blindness.
B)This causes difficulty adapting to dim light after exposure to bright light.
C)This is one of the first signs of a vitamin A deficiency.
D)This condition is irreversible.

Question 37

Which form(s)of vitamin A has antioxidant properties?

A)Carotenoids
B)Preformed vitamin A
C)Retinal
D)Retinoic acid

Question 38

Which statement about vitamin D toxicity is FALSE?

A)It is likely to be caused by too much sunlight.
B)It may be caused by over-supplementation or over-fortification.
C)It results in calcium deposition in soft tissues.
D)It may cause cardiovascular damage.

Question 39

A vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by weak or soft bones is called:

A)keratomalacia.
B)osteomalacia.
C)rickets.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 40

The action of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol forms:

A)cholecalciferol.
B)retinol.
C)parathyroid hormone.
D)25-hydroxy vitamin D.

Question 41

Which is true regarding vitamin E in the diet?

A)Natural alpha-tocopherol is about twice as active as the synthetic type.
B)Vitamin E in supplements is identical to the naturally occurring vitamin in foods.
C)Most nutrition facts panels underestimate the amount of functional vitamin E.
D)Several naturally occurring forms of vitamin E in foods can be converted with similar efficiencies to the active form of the vitamin.

Question 42

Which statement about the stability of vitamin E is FALSE?

A)It can be destroyed when oil is repeatedly heated to high temperatures.
B)It is destroyed by exposure to oxygen.
C)It is sensitive to light.
D)It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

Question 43

In the liver,vitamin E is incorporated into _______ and from there delivered to cells.

A)LDLs
B)VLDLs
C)chylomicrons
D)HDLs

Question 44

Which of the following is not a role of vitamin E?

A)Protects membranes
B)Maintains the integrity of red blood cells
C)Protects against some environmental pollutants
D)Prevents blood clotting

Question 45

____________ is an anticoagulant that interferes with the action of vitamin K.

A)Cyclosporin
B)Aspirin
C)Dicumarol
D)Penicillin

Question 46

Which food contains the highest amount of vitamin E?

A)Almonds
B)Cheese
C)Oatmeal
D)Beef liver

Question 47

Vitamin E deficiency in the U.S.is most likely to be a problem in:

A)older adults.
B)premature infants.
C)teenagers.
D)pregnant women.

Question 48

Cystic fibrosis increases the risk of vitamin E deficiency because:

A)vitamin E use increases in the body.
B)fat absorption is reduced.
C)vitamin E excretion increases.
D)vitamin E-containing foods taste bitter to affected individuals.

Question 49

Vitamin E is essential for:

A)fertility.
B)the prevention of rashes.
C)the healing of scars.
D)bone formation.

Question 50

Which fat soluble vitamin can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin D
C)Vitamin E
D)Vitamin K

Question 51

Which group of people is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency?

A)Elderly
B)Light skinned children
C)Pregnant women
D)Teenagers

Question 52

As the intake of polyunsaturated fats increases,the need for vitamin E:

A)increases.
B)decreases.
C)changes in complex ways determined according to intake of antioxidant nutrients.
D)There is no known relationship.

Question 53

Vitamin A may be lacking in diets of people in North America because:

A)vitamin A rich foods are in scarce supply.
B)people choose diets which contain low amounts of vitamin A.
C)vitamin A is found in summer fruits,and is not available during the winter.
D)information about vitamin A in foods is not available to consumers.

Question 54

______ is necessary for proper vitamin A transport and metabolism.

A)Calcium
B)Iron
C)Phosphorus
D)Zinc

Question 55

Vitamin K is required to produce prothrombin,which is needed for:

A)antioxidant functions.
B)blood clotting.
C)bone calcification.
D)night vision.

Question 56

Long term use of antibiotics may result in vitamin K deficiency because:

A)antibiotics may interfere with absorption of the vitamin.
B)antibiotics require vitamin K as a co-factor to function properly.
C)antibiotics may change the bacterial flora in the gut,decreasing vitamin K production.
D)most antibiotics promote blood clotting,increasing vitamin K requirements.

Question 57

Children in developing nations are most likely to develop deficiency symptoms associated with which vitamin?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 58

Which vitamin is referred to as the "sunshine vitamin"?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 59

The recommended intake of vitamin E is expressed in:

A)REs.
B)µgs.
C)alpha-tocopherol equivalents.
D)mgs of alpha-tocopherol.

Question 60

The best way to increase antioxidant intake is to:

A)eat more fruits,vegetables,and whole grains.
B)eat more meat.
C)consume more dairy foods.
D)take an antioxidant-containing supplement.

Question 61

Which vitamin has the best known role in cell differentiation?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 62

The food that contains the most vitamin D is:

A)whole-wheat bread.
B)cranberry juice.
C)peanut oil.
D)whole milk.

Question 63

Vitamin D regulates ________ and _________ balance in the body.

A)calcium; phosphorus
B)energy; fat
C)sodium; potassium
D)estrogen; progesterone

Question 64

Which statement is true about the need for dietary supplements?

A)Women of child-bearing age need extra folate.
B)Supplement use increases overall health in all populations.
C)Vitamin A should be given in high doses to the elderly.
D)Vegans usually need supplements of Vitamin A.

Question 65

Vitamin A deficiency can result in:

A)hemolytic anemia.
B)goiter.
C)osteomalacia.
D)xerophthalmia.