Deck 23: the Fetal Environment: a Lasting Impression

Question 1

Fetal adaptation results in the body's production of various hormones shifting in favour of those that promote energy storage.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Research has shown that infants born to women who are obese or overweight are more likely to have abnormalities of their arms and/or legs.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what disease in adulthood?

A) osteoporosis
B) celiac disease
C) metabolic syndrome
D) colon cancer

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The offspring of mothers who experienced low pregnancy weight gain have an increased risk of obesity in adulthood.

Question 5

Children born to mothers who have type 2 diabetes are up to ________ times more likely to develop prediabetes or type 2 diabetes as adults.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16

Question 6

Which of the following birth defects has NOT been linked to maternal obesity?

A) neural tube defects
B) cleft palate
C) heart defects
D) developmental delays

Question 7

The fetal adaptation theory indicates that a fetus exposed to starvation or malnutrition goes into a survival mode. Which of the following is NOT a fetal physiological response in this situation?

A) The production of hormones shifts to promote energy storage.
B) The activity of enzymes may increase or decrease.
C) There may be changes in the expression of certain genes.
D) The size and function of body organs, such as liver or kidneys, does not change.

Question 8

Infants born to mothers who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of

A) low birth weight.
B) heart defects.
C) vitamin D deficiency.
D) respiratory issues.

Question 9

Some of the earliest research on the fetal origins theory took place in

A) France.
B) South Africa.
C) Japan.
D) the Netherlands.

Question 10

Infants born to women who smoked during their pregnancy are less likely to have allergies.

Question 11

Which of the following is FALSE concerning research conducted on subjects born during weather- and war-related famines in Africa?

A) Cardiovascular disease is now the second leading cause of death in adults.
B) One-half of the cardiovascular deaths in the sub-Saharan population are among adults 30 to 69 years old.
C) Infectious disease accounts for the majority of deaths.
D) Low birth weight is associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.

Question 12

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

Question 13

Studies have shown that the higher the body mass index is in childhood the greater the risk of developing insulin resistance in adulthood.

Question 14

Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring?

A) osteoporosis
B) colon cancer
C) hypertension
D) obesity

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a risk in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy?

A) osteoporosis
B) hypertension
C) childhood allergies
D) respiratory diseases

Question 16

The process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called the

A) fetal adaptation theory.
B) fetal response theory.
C) fetal mutation theory.
D) fetal modification theory.

Question 17

Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the fetus only during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the consequences of the following maternal nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy?

A) Poor maternal intake of calcium during pregnancy results in a high risk of hypertension in offspring.
B) Poor maternal intake of folate during pregnancy is linked to the development of neural tube defects.
C) Low maternal intake of DHA and omega-3 fatty acid during pregnancy is associated with developmental delays in children.
D) Maternal zinc deficiency has no known consequences in adult offspring.

Question 19

Research has shown that there is no association between fetal exposure to famine and future risk of chronic disease.

Question 20

Research suggests that there are lifelong consequences to any type of nutrient imbalance during pregnancy.

Question 21

An increased susceptibility to or risk of a particular condition occurring virtually guarantees that the condition will be present in an infant.