Deck 14: Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Pregnancy and the First Year of Life

Question 1

From the third month of pregnancy until birth the developing human is called a(n)

A) fetus.
B) embryo.
C) zygote.
D) blastocyst.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During pregnancy, a woman's consumption of fish should not exceed 300 grams per month to avoid what kind of contamination?

A) mercury
B) lead
C) arsenic
D) nitrogen

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding calcium needs during pregnancy?

A) The AI for calcium is the same for pregnant and non-pregnant women.
B) Calcium absorption is very efficient during pregnancy.
C) The extra demand for calcium during pregnancy has been shown to cause bone demineralization and increase the risk of future fractures.
D) Kale, collard greens, and broccoli are good plant sources of calcium.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Substances that cause birth defects are called

A) genopathogens.
B) teratogens.
C) neonatal pathogens.
D) toxicogens.

Question 5

At what point is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens?

A) zygote
B) embryo
C) fetus
D) infant

Question 6

A low birth weight infant is one who weighs less than

A) 2.5 kg (5.5 lb).
B) 2.7 kg (6.0 lb).
C) 2.95 kg (6.5 lb).
D) 3.2 kg (7.0 lb).

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding for the infant?

A) The protein in breast milk is easy for the infant to digest.
B) The antibodies and immune factors found in breast milk help to protect the infant from infection.
C) The DHA found in breast milk is essential to the development of the infant's nervous system and retina.
D) The fat in breast milk is difficult for the infant to digest.

Question 8

Macrocytic anemia results from a deficiency of

A) vitamin D.
B) vitamin B₆.
C) vitamin B₁₂.
D) vitamin C.

Question 9

It has been suggested that what percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if all women of childbearing age consumed adequate amounts of folate or folic acid?

A) 25
B) 30
C) 50
D) 70

Question 10

During the second and third trimesters, the caloric needs of a pregnant woman increase by how many kilocalories per day?

A) 350 to 450
B) 350 to 500
C) 350 to 600
D) 350 to 750

Question 11

The point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the sperm is

A) implantation.
B) conception.
C) parturition.
D) gestation.

Question 12

At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate MOST important?

A) during the first four weeks after conception
B) during the second trimester
C) during the third trimester
D) immediately prior to delivery

Question 13

Which of the following fatty acids is critical to fetal brain and eye development?

A) stearic acid
B) oleic acid
C) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
D) palmitic acid

Question 14

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding vitamin B₁₂ during pregnancy?

A) Vitamin B₁₂ is easily obtained by consuming animal food sources.
B) The RDA for vitamin B₁₂ doubles during pregnancy.
C) Vegan women are at risk for developing a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency during this time.
D) Vitamin B₁₂ absorption is very efficient during pregnancy.

Question 15

What is the average weight for a healthy newborn in Canada (with an average height of 45 to 56 cm (18 to 22 inches) long)?

A) 2.5 kg (5-1/2 lb)
B) 2.95 kg (6-1/2 lb)
C) 3.4 kg (7-1/2 lb)
D) 3.9 kg (8-1/2 lb)

Question 16

Recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the

A) mother's weight at the end of the first trimester.
B) size of the fetus at 3 months' gestation.
C) mother's weight before becoming pregnant.
D) mother's height.

Question 17

Inadequate intake of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregnancy is associated with neural tube defects in the fetus?

A) protein
B) iron
C) folate
D) calcium

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a reason that infants are at higher risk of dehydration than adults?

A) Breast milk or formula meets an infant's fluid needs.
B) Infants lose proportionally more fluid via evaporation than adults.
C) Infants have immature kidneys and are unable to concentrate urine as well as adults.
D) Infants have kidneys that produce highly concentrated urine.

Question 19

Rich dietary sources of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) include

A) beef and pork.
B) green leafy and yellow vegetables.
C) butter and milk.
D) mackerel and salmon.

Question 20

The inner portion of the zygote that implants in the uterine lining is called the

A) fetus.
B) blastocyst.
C) embryo.
D) placenta.

Question 21

During the first six months of lactation, the daily caloric needs of the mother increases by how many kilocalories as compared to prepregnancy levels?

A) 100
B) 330
C) 540
D) 650

Question 22

The stimulus that is needed for continued and sustained production of breast milk is

A) high fluid intake by the mother.
B) high protein intake by the mother.
C) infant suckling.
D) ovulation.

Question 23

The only thing that will "cure" eclampsia is

A) delivery of the infant.
B) hypertensive medication.
C) low sodium diet.
D) bed rest.

Question 24

The primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux and constipation during pregnancy is

A) inadequate fluid intake by the mother.
B) overeating by the mother.
C) intolerance to prenatal vitamins.
D) relaxation of the smooth muscles.

Question 25

Health Canada recommends that all breastfed infants be given what kind of supplement to decrease the risk of developing rickets?

A) zinc
B) protein
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D

Question 26

Milk that is low in fat and produced first in a nursing session is known as

A) hindmilk.
B) colostrum.
C) final milk.
D) foremilk.

Question 27

Which of the following hormones is referred to as the "let down" hormone?

A) oxytocin
B) thyroid
C) estrogen
D) prolactin

Question 28

The hormones that prepare the breasts physically for lactation are estrogen, progesterone, and

A) colostrum.
B) prolactin.
C) galactose.
D) oxytocin.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of preeclampsia?

A) protein in the urine
B) high blood pressure
C) unexplained and rapid weight loss
D) edema

Question 30

At birth, baby Ramon weighs 3.6 kg (8 lb). If his growth and development are normal, what would you expect Ramon to weigh at his first birthday?

A) 7.3 kg (16 lb)
B) 9.1 kg (20 lb)
C) 10.9 kg (24 lb)
D) 14.5 kg (32 lb)

Question 31

Which of the following would NOT be good advice to give to a parent regarding the introduction of solids to their six-month-old infant?

A) Add honey to cereal and fruit to improve infant acceptance of these new foods.
B) Introduce one new food at a time and watch for signs of allergies.
C) Iron-fortified rice cereal is the first food to introduce to your infant.
D) Select commercial baby foods that are low in sodium or sugar.

Question 32

Excess consumption of what nutrient during pregnancy is associated with birth defects?

A) iron
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin A
D) calcium

Question 33

A normal-weight woman should gain approximately how many pounds during pregnancy?

A) 25 to 30
B) 25 to 35
C) 25 to 40
D) 25 to 45

Question 34

Most of a pregnant woman's nutrient needs can be met by consuming a healthful, balanced diet, except for which specific nutrient?

A) iron
B) folate
C) calcium
D) protein

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT associated with gestational diabetes?

A) delivery of a low birth weight infant
B) increased maternal risk of developing type 2 diabetes
C) increased fetal risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life
D) increased fetal risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Question 36

Which of the following foods is considered safe for pregnant women to consume?

A) unpasteurized feta cheese
B) sushi
C) hard-boiled eggs
D) raw bean sprouts

Question 37

Which of the following enhances the absorption of iron?

A) caffeine
B) bran
C) vitamin C
D) oxalates

Question 38

Fetal demand for iron is highest during the

A) first trimester.
B) second trimester.
C) third trimester.
D) entire gestational period.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a maternal benefit of breastfeeding?

A) assists the uterus in returning to prepregnancy size
B) potential decreased risk of breast cancer
C) shortens the intervals between pregnancies
D) is less costly

Question 40

During pregnancy what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe?

A) none
B) one drink a month
C) one drink a week
D) one drink a day

Question 41

The sticky "first stool" excreted by the newborn infant is called

A) pica.
B) amniotic fluid.
C) colostrum.
D) meconium.

Question 42

Which pregnancy-specific organ is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products?

A) ovary
B) placenta
C) uterus
D) blastocyst

Question 43

Anchovies, mackerel, salmon, and sardines are good sources of

A) DHA.
B) vitamin C.
C) folate.
D) fiber.

Question 44

Why are newborn infants given a single injection of vitamin K?

A) Breast milk and infant formulas are low in vitamin K.
B) The trauma of birth destroys the newborn's vitamin K stores.
C) The infant's intestinal bacteria are not yet able to synthesize vitamin K.
D) Infants cannot absorb vitamin K until approximately 3 months of age.

Question 45

The substance that cushions and protects the developing fetus is the

A) amniotic fluid.
B) placenta.
C) blastocyst.
D) umbilical cord.

Question 46

During pregnancy women should not consume fish or fish products.

Question 47

Malnutrition decreases a man's fertility.

Question 48

Severe tooth decay as a result of prolonged exposure to breast milk, formula, or juice is called

A) pica.
B) milk anemia.
C) nursing bottle syndrome.
D) rickets.

Question 49

Pre-milk, which is rich in immune factors and protein, is also known by what name?

A) foremilk
B) hindmilk
C) colostrum
D) meconium

Question 50

Why is it strongly recommended that infants NOT consume honey?

A) Honey consumption during infancy is associated with the development of dental caries.
B) Honey can lead to chronic diarrhea in infants.
C) Infants do not like the taste of honey.
D) Honey contains spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a factor that indicates an infant is ready to accept solid foods?

A) The infant can sit up with or without support.
B) The infant's tongue extrusion reflex has begun to abate.
C) The infant is at least six months old.
D) The infant has high stores of iron.

Question 52

The major protein found in breast milk is

A) lactalbumin.
B) lactic acid.
C) lactose.
D) albumin.

Question 53

All cases of neural tube defects are directly related to a lack of folate consumption during pregnancy.

Question 54

Recommendations for weight gain vary according to a woman's weight before pregnancy.

Question 55

Taking megadoses of beta-carotene while pregnant is associated with birth defects in the infant.

Question 56

Sodium needs during pregnancy are the same as for a non-pregnant adult woman.

Question 57

The hormone responsible for the synthesis of breast milk is called

A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) progesterone.
D) lactic acid.

Question 58

Inconsolable crying for hours at a time is a characteristic of

A) milk allergy.
B) dehydration.
C) milk anemia.
D) colic.

Question 59

Over-reliance on breast milk or formula by infants and children can limit iron intake and lead to

A) milk anemia.
B) sickle cell anemia.
C) macrocytic anemia.
D) iron-deficiency anemia.

Question 60

A pregnant woman who is overweight should restrict her caloric intake and attempt to lose weight before delivery.

Question 61

Health Canada recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life.

Question 62

Caffeine consumption during pregnancy is harmless to the fetus because it cannot cross the placenta.

Question 63

It is impossible for a woman who adopts an infant to breastfeed.

Question 64

Breastfed infants have a low risk of developing heart disease in life because breast milk is very low in cholesterol.

Question 65

Pica, the abnormal craving for nonfood items, results from a nutrient deficiency.

Question 66

If a breastfeeding woman eats a well-planned, nutrient-dense diet she does not need to take supplements.

Question 67

The "let down" hormone, oxytocin is activated by the stress response.

Question 68

Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for pregnant women.

Question 69

It is advised that all women with HIV not breastfeed.

Question 70

Excessive vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy is associated with birth defects.

Question 71

Alcohol is a potential teratogen for a developing fetus.

Question 72

During pregnancy it is difficult for many women to obtain adequate iron from diet alone.

Question 73

Once the placenta has formed, the fetus's and mother's blood supplies will co-circulate.

Question 74

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is dangerous only during the first trimester.

Question 75

If a woman suffers from gestational diabetes she has an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Question 76

Breastfeeding suppresses ovulation and can be used as a reliable form of contraception.

Question 77

Hormones released during pregnancy constrict smooth muscle cells and increase the likelihood of developing heartburn.

Question 78

Currently the only cure for eclampsia is childbirth.

Question 79

Children under the age of 1 should not be given cow's milk.

Question 80

The neural tube will differentiate into the fetus's skeleton and spinal cord.