Deck 15: Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Childhood to Late Adulthood

Question 1

For proper growth and development, toddlers should consume a minimum of what percentage of their total daily energy intake as fat?

A) 30
B) 45
C) 50
D) 55

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Growth acceleration in adolescence is primarily driven by

A) increased physical activity.
B) increased caloric intake.
C) hormonal changes.
D) changes in muscle composition

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT associated with developing toddlers' healthy eating habits?

A) snacking between meals
B) small portion sizes
C) rewarding meal completion with dessert
D) including toddlers in food shopping and preparation

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends the intake of fruit juice be limited to a maximum of how many millilitres per day for children 1 to 6 years of age?

A) 125
B) 175
C) 225
D) 250

Question 5

The cartilage that is located at the end of long bones that closes when growth ceases is called what?

A) the cortical plate
B) the trabecular plate
C) the osteoid plate
D) the epiphyseal plate

Question 6

Which of the following correctly describes "milk displacement"?

A) the self-weaning of an infant from breast milk
B) the recent surge in formula use
C) the avoidance of dairy products due to the fear of agricultural contaminants
D) the selection of low-nutrient beverages (e.g., soda) in place of milk

Question 7

Overweight in toddlers is defined as being above the ________ percentile for weight.

A) 70th
B) 80th
C) 90th
D) 100th

Question 8

The most common nutrient deficiency in young children is caused by inadequate consumption of

A) calcium.
B) iron.
C) folate.
D) zinc.

Question 9

Which of the following will NOT help establish healthful eating habits in toddlers?

A) Provide small meals alternated with nutritious snacks.
B) Model healthful eating.
C) Use food as a reward for healthful behaviors.
D) Use positive reinforcement to encourage healthful behaviors.

Question 10

The development of which system is particularly dependent on adequate consumption of fat during the toddler years?

A) digestive
B) nervous
C) skeletal
D) urinary

Question 11

What is the maximum percentage of total kilocalories from fat recommended for a preschooler?

A) 15
B) 25
C) 35
D) 45

Question 12

Which of the following foods would be the BEST source of dietary calcium for a young toddler?

A) spinach
B) skim milk
C) whole milk
D) yogurt

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate weight control recommendation for an overweight 11-year-old?

A) Exercise for at least one hour a day.
B) Limit television watching to no more than two hours a day.
C) Consume appropriate portion sizes of foods.
D) Decrease caloric intake by 1,000 kilocalories a day.

Question 14

The total amount of energy needed per day for any given age is called what?

A) estimated energy requirement
B) required energy requirement
C) recommended energy requirement
D) allowable energy requirement

Question 15

Which of the following is associated with the premature closure of the epiphyseal plate?

A) malnutrition
B) excessive calcium intake
C) obesity
D) reduced activity level

Question 16

What nutrient is added to municipal water supplies to promote healthy teeth formation?

A) fluoride
B) sodium
C) vitamin D
D) zinc

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation to avoid allergies in children?

A) If a child has a negative reaction to a food, never offer it to that child again.
B) Introduce new foods one at a time.
C) Rotate foods in the diet rather than serving them every day.
D) When introducing a new food, watch for any allergic reaction for a week before offering another new food.

Question 18

What are dental caries?

A) juvenile teeth
B) cavities
C) spotting on tooth enamel
D) spaces left following the loss of teeth

Question 19

Which of the following foods does NOT pose a choking hazard for children?

A) whole grapes
B) cherry tomatoes
C) raisins
D) yogurt

Question 20

Peak bone mass is typically achieved in

A) late childhood.
B) early teens.
C) late teens and early twenties.
D) the late thirties.

Question 21

The RDA for ________ decreases with age for women.

A) calcium
B) vitamin D
C) iron
D) vitamin C

Question 22

The use of anabolic steroids during adolescence can cause

A) premature closure of the epiphyseal plates.
B) obesity.
C) rapid growth spurts.
D) significant increases in body fat.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the milk-displacement factor?

A) nursing bottle syndrome
B) greater risk of osteoporosis later in life
C) low magnesium intake
D) low vitamin A intake

Question 24

The RDA for carbohydrate for toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, teens, and adults is how many grams per day?

A) 10
B) 95
C) 130
D) 250

Question 25

The leading cause of death among high-school youths is

A) automobile accidents.
B) alcohol intoxication occurrences.
C) eating disorders.
D) drug overdoses.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of adolescent eating habits?

A) low intake of fruits and vegetables
B) preference for fast food and convenience foods
C) regular consumption of three meals per day
D) soft drinks preferred over milk

Question 27

It is estimated that by 2036 the population of older adults in Canada will

A) be similar to what it is now.
B) double.
C) increase by 10%.
D) decrease by 15%.

Question 28

Which nutrient deficiency in older adults can lead to a decreased sense of taste and smell?

A) zinc
B) iron
C) vitamin D
D) protein

Question 29

In older adults, which of the following is a mineral important to a healthy immune system and wound healing?

A) calcium
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin A
D) zinc

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the secondary contributors responsible for the acne flare-ups that plague many adolescents?

A) chocolate consumption
B) emotional stress
C) personal hygiene
D) genes

Question 31

The period of life when secondary sex characteristics develop and people are able to reproduce is called

A) menopause.
B) puberty.
C) epiphyseal stage.
D) growth spurt.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a reason that vitamin D and calcium supplements are recommended for elderly individuals?

A) Absorption of calcium is reduced as we age.
B) Older adults frequently use sunscreen, which inhibits the synthesis of vitamin D.
C) Elderly individuals have adequate exposure to sunlight.
D) Less vitamin D is produced in the skin as we age.

Question 33

The absorption of which vitamin increases in older adults?

A) A
B) B₁₂
C) C
D) D

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT related to the increased iron needs in adolescence?

A) Muscle mass increases.
B) Food choices are often inadequate in iron.
C) Iron is lost because of menstruation (in girls).
D) Iron utilization slows down.

Question 35

Which of the following does NOT contribute to chronic dehydration in elderly individuals?

A) Kidney function decreases with advancing age.
B) The thirst mechanism is impaired in the elderly.
C) Perspiration increases as we age.
D) Older adults may limit fluid intake due to urinary incontinence.

Question 36

The Institute of Medicine recommends that children be very active for at LEAST

A) 15 minutes a day.
B) 30 minutes a day.
C) 1 hour a day.
D) 2 hours a day.

Question 37

Adolescent acne is caused by

A) eating fatty foods.
B) hormonal changes.
C) lack of adequate fluid intake.
D) consumption of chocolate.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a strong influence on adolescent food patterns?

A) peers
B) personal food preferences
C) parents
D) their own sense of what foods comprise a healthful, adequate diet

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a physiological change that typically occurs as a person ages?

A) decreased lean body mass
B) decreased bone density
C) decreased fat mass
D) decreased taste and smell acuity

Question 40

A reduced production of gastric secretions often seen in older adults can result in

A) a reduced absorption of calcium.
B) an increased absorption of vitamin C.
C) a reduced absorption of potassium.
D) a reduced absorption of vitamin B₁₂.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with vitamin A toxicity in older adults?

A) heart disease
B) liver damage
C) neurologic problems
D) hip fractures

Question 42

Due to the additional losses via the menstrual cycle, adolescent girls require more iron than do adolescent boys.

Question 43

Parents should force their children to eat healthy foods to avoid obesity.

Question 44

The growth spurt starts earlier in boys than in girls.

Question 45

Snacking between meals is developmentally and nutritionally appropriate for toddlers.

Question 46

Each day, toddlers should consume ________ cups of total beverages (including water).

A) 2 cups (500 mL)
B) 4 cups (1000 mL)
C) 6 cups (1500 mL)
D) 8 cups (2000 mL)

Question 47

Girls gain more body fat through adolescence than do boys.

Question 48

Iron-deficiency anemia is uncommon in young children.

Question 49

Limiting sugary sweets in children's diets is important only once their permanent teeth have erupted.

Question 50

If a toddler is overweight, a practical approach would be to place him or her on a low-fat diet.

Question 51

Which nutrient is generally NOT a concern for vegan toddlers?

A) protein
B) iron
C) vitamin B₁₂
D) vitamin C

Question 52

Multivitamin/mineral supplements should never be recommended for preschoolers.

Question 53

As compared to infancy, growth rates increase during the preschool years.

Question 54

The nutrient needs of young boys and girls do not differ until about the age of 8 or 9 years.

Question 55

To avoid dehydration, toddlers should be offered fruit juice at every meal.

Question 56

Which nutrient is metabolized by bacteria in the mouth to produce acids that cause dental caries?

A) protein
B) fat
C) vitamins
D) carbohydrate

Question 57

An elevated level of blood sodium is called

A) hyponatremia.
B) hypernatremia.
C) hypocalcemia.
D) hypercalcemia.

Question 58

Meals-on-Wheels is a nonprofit food program that

A) offers canned goods and other nonperishable food items to seniors free of charge.
B) provides coupons to low-income seniors to purchase food at local farmers' markets.
C) delivers fully prepared meals to homebound ill and elderly clients.
D) provides coupons to low-income seniors to purchase food at local grocery stores.

Question 59

Amrit is 3 years old and weighs 16.4 kg (36 lbs.) How many grams of protein should he consume each day?

A) 15
B) 18
C) 20
D) 28

Question 60

High intake of fibre may be harmful in young children, as it may interfere with the absorption of nutrients.

Question 61

Experimenting with fad diets can result in undernutrition and trigger an eating disorder.

Question 62

Why are the DRI values for the macronutrients, fibre, and micronutrients grouped together for children aged one to three years and four to eight years, and then separated for boys and girls between the ages of 9 and 13 years?

Question 63

Reduced-fat milk should not be given to children until the age of 2.

Question 64

Give two reasons for the AI for fibre for children of preschool age, and explain why this level is recommended.

Question 65

The fluid needs of adolescents are higher than those of children.

Question 66

Give three reasons why a vitamin-mineral supplement may be appropriate for school-aged children.

Question 67

What are some of the challenges of encouraging nutritious food choices for school-aged children? What are effective ways to involve children in making healthy choices?

Question 68

Added to municipal water supplies or taken as a supplement, chlorine will help deter the development of dental caries.

Question 69

What are three ways parents can minimize the occurrence of dental caries among young children?

Question 70

Due to oxidative stress, older adults need to increase their consumption of both vitamin C and vitamin E.

Question 71

A vegan diet is potentially nutritionally risky for toddlers.

Question 72

Your niece is an overweight toddler and your sister-in-law is going to restrict her food intake. What do you recommend as an alternative?

Question 73

Adolescents need to consume four servings of dairy foods or calcium-fortified products daily to obtain the necessary calcium intake.

Question 74

Childhood overweight and obesity are defined by determining a child's fat composition.

Question 75

The key macronutrient for the development of the nervous system during the toddler and preschool years is carbohydrate.

Question 76

Discuss some of the health problems that are associated with being overweight in childhood.

Question 77

Why is it important for parents to establish healthy eating and physical activity practices during the preschool years? Discuss ways in which parents can do this for both physical activity and healthy eating?

Question 78

The energy needs of older adults are higher than those of younger adults.

Question 79

Eating disorders do not occur in adolescent boys.

Question 80

Although considered an epidemic among Canadian adults, obesity rates in school-aged children have remained constant since the 1970s.