Deck 3: The Human Body: Are We Really What We Eat

Question 1

Assuming the calories and relative sizes are similar, which of the following snacks will have the highest satiety value?

A) slice of whole-grain bread
B) glass of skim milk
C) glass of orange juice
D) piece of cheese

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What part of gastric juices in the stomach kills bacteria you may have consumed?

A) pepsinogen
B) gastric lipase
C) mucus
D) hydrochloric acid

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Salivary amylase begins the digestion of which nutrient in the mouth?

A) protein
B) fat
C) carbohydrate
D) iron

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The "powerhouse" of the cell that produces most of the ATP is/are the

A) mitochondria.
B) ribosome.
C) nucleus.
D) cytoplasm.

Question 5

What is the cephalic phase?

A) earliest phase of digestion when the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food
B) phase when the semi-digested food leaves the stomach and slowly enters the small intestine
C) phase when the majority of absorption occurs, primarily occurring in the small intestine
D) final phase of digestion when the large intestine and rectum prepare the undigested components of food for elimination

Question 6

Hunger is BEST described as

A) a physiologic desire to consume food.
B) a psychological desire to consume food.
C) eating that is often driven by environmental cues.
D) eating that is often driven by emotional cues.

Question 7

Bob eats his breakfast, and his GI tract will now begin the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from this meal. What is the order in which each of the organs of the GI tract will work to achieve this process?

A) mouth, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine
B) mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
C) mouth, stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine
D) mouth, stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine

Question 8

What is chyme?

A) ulcerations of the esophageal lining
B) healthy bacteria of the small intestine
C) mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
D) substance that allows for the emulsification of dietary lipid

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT occur in the acidic conditions of the stomach?

A) pancreatic enzymes working effectively to digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
B) protection of the human body from bacteria in food
C) denaturing of protein to allow its breakdown and absorption
D) activation of pepsin

Question 10

The contents of the stomach when food is present is

A) very acidic.
B) nearly neutral.
C) slightly basic.
D) strongly alkaline.

Question 11

Which pancreatic hormones are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?

A) testosterone and estrogen
B) leptin and ghrelin
C) glucagon and insulin
D) bicarbonate and chyme

Question 12

Which physiologic trigger(s) will result in the sensation of hunger?

A) low glucose levels
B) high glucose levels
C) release of the chemical messengers leptin and serotonin
D) eating a meal with a high satiety value

Question 13

Our genetic information, in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), is located in the

A) endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
B) mitochondria.
C) nucleus.
D) cytoplasm.

Question 14

Where in your body does the majority of the digestion and absorption of food occur?

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine

Question 15

Appetite is triggered by

A) a physiologic drive.
B) environmental cues such as the smell or taste of food.
C) pancreatic enzymes.
D) stomach enzymes.

Question 16

The primary function of mucus in the stomach is to

A) neutralize stomach acid.
B) activate pepsinogen to pepsin.
C) protect the stomach cells from gastric juices (e.g., HCl).
D) emulsify fats.

Question 17

The term used to describes the process in which foods are broken down into their component molecules is

A) digestion.
B) absorption.
C) elimination.
D) segmentation.

Question 18

Cell membranes are primarily composed of

A) sugars.
B) phospholipids.
C) proteins.
D) sterols.

Question 19

When the stomach of an adult is full, it can expand to hold approximately

A) 2 cups of food or water.
B) 4 cups of food or water.
C) 6 cups of food or water.
D) 16 cups of food or water.

Question 20

The human body is organized into the following structural levels (smallest to largest)

A) molecules, atoms, organs, systems, tissues, cells.
B) atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems.
C) organs, tissues, molecules, systems, atoms.
D) atoms, cells, systems, tissues, molecules, organs.

Question 21

The brush border is located in the

A) esophagus.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.

Question 22

The gastric peptide, ghrelin, causes

A) people to eat more.
B) people to eat less.
C) no effect on food intake.
D) weight loss over a period of time.

Question 23

Which of the following would NOT be recommended for the treatment of GERD?

A) waiting at least 3 hours after eating before lying down
B) eating 2 large meals a day
C) elevating the head 4 to 6 inches while sleeping
D) taking an antacid before eating a meal

Question 24

Bile is released into which organ in response to the ingestion of fat in the diet?

A) stomach
B) esophagus
C) large intestine
D) small intestine

Question 25

When blood leaves the small intestine, it is routed directly through the portal vein to the

A) heart.
B) lungs.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.

Question 26

Collectively, the nerves of the gastrointestinal tract are referred to as

A) the peptic nervous system.
B) the hepatic nervous system.
C) the enteric nervous system.
D) the gastric nervous system.

Question 27

Sodium bicarbonate is secreted by the pancreas and functions to

A) activate enzymes that begin protein digestion.
B) neutralize stomach acid.
C) regulate digestive activity and increase peristalsis.
D) emulsify fat.

Question 28

After you eat a meal of a cheeseburger with French fries and a chocolate milk shake, the fat in the meal ultimately causes

A) bile to be secreted into the small intestine to emulsify the fat.
B) a slowing down of the entire digestive process.
C) pancreatic lipase to be secreted into the stomach.
D) indigestion.

Question 29

Which of the body's systems directs and coordinates the interrelated activities of the gastrointestinal tract?

A) the skeletal system
B) the lymphatic system
C) the cardiovascular system
D) the neuromuscular system

Question 30

The first part of the small intestine is the

A) gallbladder.
B) pancreas.
C) ileocecal valve.
D) duodenum.

Question 31

What is the name of the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine?

A) pyloric
B) lower esophageal
C) ileocecal
D) gastroesophageal

Question 32

Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment approach for someone suffering from GERD?

A) surgical removal of the gallbladder
B) omission of all lactose foods
C) antibiotic therapy
D) losing weight and quitting smoking

Question 33

Immediately after absorption, most of the fat-soluble nutrients are carried through which system?

A) the vascular
B) the mesenteric
C) the lymphatic
D) the enterohepatic

Question 34

Which best explains why carbohydrate digestion ceases when food reaches the stomach?

A) Carbohydrate is completely digested in the mouth.
B) Salivary enzymes cannot function in the acid environment of the stomach.
C) Carbohydrate is completely absorbed in the esophagus.
D) Intestinal bacteria are needed for carbohydrate digestion.

Question 35

Responding to the presence of protein and fat in our meal, cholecystokinin (CCK) signals the gallbladder to release a substance called

A) lipase.
B) pepsin.
C) chyme.
D) bile.

Question 36

The enzyme pancreatic amylase continues the digestion of

A) carbohydrate.
B) protein.
C) fat.
D) vitamins.

Question 37

What is the function of the bicarbonate that is released into the duodenum during the process of digestion?

A) to neutralize the acidic chyme
B) to activate hormonal release of bile
C) to digest fats/oils
D) to lubricate the villi of the small intestine

Question 38

The hormone ________ is released after a meal is eaten and triggers the stomach to release digestive juices.

A) leptin
B) insulin
C) gastrin
D) amylase

Question 39

Which organ is responsible for manufacturing and secreting digestive enzymes and bicarbonate?

A) liver
B) stomach
C) pancreas
D) gallbladder

Question 40

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the

A) stomach.
B) gallbladder.
C) pancreas.
D) small intestine.

Question 41

Cells are the smallest functional units of life that can grow, reproduce, and perform basic functions.

Question 42

Once food is swallowed, what is the tiny flap of tissue that keeps food from entering the trachea called?

A) pyloric valve
B) esophagus
C) epiglottis
D) upper esophageal sphincter

Question 43

Which component of the large intestine helps to synthesize certain vitamins?

A) glucagon
B) insulin
C) gastric juice
D) intestinal flora

Question 44

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?

A) stress
B) H. pylori bacteria
C) prolonged use of aspirin
D) eating too many spicy foods

Question 45

What is the region of the brain where physiological signals are translated into the message to seek food due to hunger?

A) gallbladder
B) pancreas
C) hypothalamus
D) liver

Question 46

The wavelike contractions that move food along the GI tract are called

A) chime.
B) peristalsis.
C) lymph.
D) diarrhea.

Question 47

The small intestine is described as "small" because

A) it is the shortest part of the gastrointestinal tract.
B) it consists of only one section.
C) not much digestion or absorption occurs there.
D) it is only an inch in diameter.

Question 48

What are the chemical messengers that trigger a physiological response, secreted from many glands of the body?

A) hormones
B) tissues
C) minerals
D) organelles

Question 49

Liquids have a higher satiety value than solid foods.

Question 50

Often called the cell's powerhouse, the ribosome produces the energy molecule ATP from basic food components.

Question 51

Satiation is the sensation of feeling hunger.

Question 52

The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing only some compounds to enter and leave the cell.

Question 53

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.

Question 54

Inside each villus of the small intestine are capillaries and a small lymph vessel called a(n)

A) lacteal.
B) gluteal.
C) chyme.
D) organelle.

Question 55

Which organ plays a major role in regulating the level and type of energy nutrients circulating in the blood?

A) gall bladder
B) pancreas
C) liver
D) stomach

Question 56

A painful sensation in the chest that results from gastric juices seeping back up into the esophagus is called

A) celiac disease.
B) irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
C) gastroesophageal reflux (GER).
D) peptic ulcer.

Question 57

The structure of the brush border aids digestion by

A) increasing the small intestine's absorptive capacity.
B) increasing the large intestine's absorptive capacity.
C) releasing bile quickly into the duodenum.
D) mechanically breaking down food.

Question 58

Proteins that act to speed up body processes, but are not changed in the process, are called

A) hormones.
B) peptides
C) enzymes.
D) chymes.

Question 59

Our preference for certain foods is largely learned from the culture in which we were raised.

Question 60

Mechanical digestion begins in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.

Question 61

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) always manifests itself by diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal cramps.

Question 62

A tissue is a functional grouping of similar cells that are joined together to form functional sheets or cords of cells.

Question 63

The human GI tract is approximately 30 feet long.

Question 64

The macronutrient with the highest satiety value is protein.

Question 65

Most dietary fibre is absorbed in the small intestine.

Question 66

The majority of nutrient absorption takes place in the pancreas.

Question 67

Constipation can be treated by eating a high-fibre diet and staying well-hydrated.

Question 68

Glucose and amino acids are absorbed from the small intestine by the process of diffusion.

Question 69

Diarrhea, while unpleasant, represents the body's way of ridding itself of some invasive agent.

Question 70

Not requiring further digestion, dietary vitamins and minerals are small enough to be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 71

Tight rings of muscles that control the movement of food through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are villi.

Question 72

Bile, the greenish fluid that emulsifies dietary fat, is made in your gallbladder.

Question 73

Typically, ingested food remains in the stomach for 2 to 4 hours before traveling to the small intestine.

Question 74

The presence of any bacteria in the large intestine indicates a potentially serious systemic allergic reaction that can be fatal if left untreated.

Question 75

The lining of the small intestine is smooth and flat, allowing for increased transit time of food material.

Question 76

Untreated diarrhea can be fatal in young children.

Question 77

Tiny units of matter that cannot be broken down by natural means are called cells.

Question 78

Peptic ulcers are areas of the gastrointestinal tract that have been eroded by insulin and glucagon.

Question 79

Overall, very little chemical digestion occurs in the human mouth.

Question 80

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is more commonly known as heartburn.