Deck 6: Nondeclarative Memory

Question 1

In classical conditioning, the thing that an organism does prior to learning is __________.

A) the conditioned response
B) dissociation
C) the unconditioned response
D) the absence of environmental contingency

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In classical conditioning, the thing that a person responds to prior to learning is the __________.

A) conditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Nondeclarative memory includes all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A) procedural memory
B) classical conditioning
C) semantic memory
D) priming

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus __________.

A) comes to evoke a conditioned response
B) comes to evoke an unconditioned response
C) produces a neutral cue
D) produces a reflective response

Question 5

How does learning occur during the formation of most classically conditioned memories?

A) slowly, during an acquisition period
B) during the first exposure to information
C) with explicit memory reinforcement
D) transitionally

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a conceptually driven process?

A) having memories come unbidden by the smell of someone's perfume
B) listening to one note at a time to recognize a song
C) recognizing a person by seeing his or her face
D) seeing animals in the clouds

Question 7

What was the thing that Pavlov trained his dogs to do?

A) salivate in the presence of food
B) salivate to the sound of a bell
C) avoid a shock that was preceded by the presentation of food
D) avoid a shock that was preceded by the sound of a bell

Question 8

Which of the follow is a form of nondeclarative memory?

A) short-term memory
B) verbal learning
D) episodic memory

Question 9

What is the basic paradigm for classical conditioning?

A)

B)

C)



D)

Question 10

The type of association formed most often in classical conditioning is __________.

A) stimulus-response
B) hierarchical
C) stimulus-stimulus
D) superordinate

Question 11

Typically, responses (CRs) to a CS are reduced when the US has been devalued. This finding is consistent with the formation of ______________ associations.

A) response-stimulus
B) stimulus-stimulus
C) stimulus-response
D) response-response

Question 12

Nondeclarative memory can be described as a __________ memory system.

A) very pervasive
B) short-duration
C) consciously manipulatable
D) holistic

Question 13

Mark is participating in an experiment on pain. His hand is placed in an apparatus that delivers a mild shock on each trial. The shock is preceded by a flashing light. After several trials, Mark pulls his hand away when the light appears. The light is a(n) __________.

A) unconditioned response
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 14

In a classical conditioning paradigm, Pavlov would ring a bell every time he fed the dog. Soon the dog started drooling whenever he heard the bell ring, regardless of whether food was present. The dog drooling at the sound of the bell is known as the __________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Question 15

In classical conditioning, the thing that is learned is __________.

A) a conditioned response
B) dissociation
C) an unconditioned response
D) the absence of environmental contingency

Question 16

In classical conditioning, the thing that a person learns to respond to is the __________.

A) conditioned response
C) unconditioned response
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 17

What sort of relationship must be in place in order for conditioning to occur?

A) contiguity
B) contemporarily
C) contingency
D) congruency

Question 18

Which of the following is another name for classical conditioning?

A) operant conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) Pavlovian conditioning
D) simple conditioning

Question 19

What are the types of associations typically stored in memory after classical conditioning has occurred?

A) stimulus-stimulus
B) stimulus-response
C) stimulus-action
D) action-response

Question 20

Which of the following types of processing is MORE likely to be involved in nondeclarative memory?

A) conceptually driven processing
C) top-down processing
D) abstract thinking

Question 21

During spontaneous recovery, what happens to the CR when the CS is presented again after extinction has occurred?

A) The CR increases, but isn't as strong as it was before extinction.
B) The CR decreases because interference after extinction has impaired the association strength.
C) The CR remains at the same strength as before extinction.
D) The CR increases and is even stronger than it was before extinction began.

Question 22

More recently, classical conditioning studies in humans have shifted to becomes studies of __________.

A) instrumental conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) causal learning
D) baysian learning

Question 23

A conditioned response has been extinguished, but reappears when the CS is presented again after an interval of time has elapsed. This is a description of __________.

A) temporal ordering
B) reconditioning
C) spontaneous recovery
D) extinction

Question 24

According to the mere exposure effect, __________.

A) people prefer familiar items, even if they do not remember being exposed to them
B) people prefer complex items that are more difficult to understand, like exposure to abstract art
C) people prefer items they have been exposed to in the same context more than 200 times
D) people prefer novelty items, with their first exposure eliciting the strongest response

Question 25

Which of the following is a phenomenon of classical conditioning that illustrates the unconscious storage of memories about the learned association that can manifest after a period of time after forgetting (or extinction) has occurred?

A) generalization
B) discrimination
D) blocking

Question 26

In classical conditioning, savings refers to __________.

A) superior learning on a subsequent attempt after extinction has occurred
B) superior learning on a subsequent attempt after blocking has occurred
C) superior learning on an initial attempt after extinction has occurred
D) superior learning on an initial attempt after blocking has occurred

Question 27

What is the order in which people proceed through the stages of skill acquisition?

A) cognitive, autonomous, associative
B) associative, cognitive, autonomous
C) cognitive, associative, autonomous
D) autonomous, associative, cognitive

Question 28

What type of memory system encodes memory for skills?

A) classical conditioning
B) procedural
C) semantic
D) instrumental

Question 29

How can the purpose of classical conditioning best be described?

A) Organisms try to predict the environment.
B) memory for how to do things
C) It captures how we interact with the world.
D) Perception precedes conceptualization.

Question 30

Which of the following is the stage of skill acquisition where a person goes about automatically and unconsciously performing the actions of the task?

A) associative stage
B) cognitive stage
D) control stage

Question 31

What is the name of the classical conditioning phenomenon in which relearning is better after extinction has occurred?

A) spontaneous recovery
B) savings
C) blocking
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 32

Which of the following is the stage of skill acquisition where a person directly retrieves information about how to perform the actions of the task but still requires a moderate degree of conscious involvement?

A) associative stage
B) cognitive stage
C) autonomous stage
D) control stage

Question 33

Which of the following is the stage of skill acquisition where a person goes about deliberately and consciously performing the actions of the task?

A) associative stage
B) cognitive stage
C) autonomous stage
D) control stage

Question 34

In classical conditioning, what happens when a number of trials occur where the conditioning stimulus is presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus?

A) reinforcement
B) bolder learning
C) extinction
D) savings

Question 35

Which of the following is the stage of skill acquisition where skill is dominated by non-declarative memories and is largely unconscious?

A) associative stage
B) cognitive stage
C) autonomous stage
D) control stage

Question 36

A classically conditioned preference is __________.

A) salivation in dogs
B) mere exposure effect
C) higher-order conditioning
D) biological preparedness

Question 37

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when __________.

A) the conditioned stimulus is presented for a while without the unconditioned stimulus
B) the unconditioned stimulus is presented for a while without the conditioned stimulus
C) the conditioned stimulus is presented for a while without the conditioned response
D) the unconditioned stimulus is presented for a while without the unconditioned response

Question 38

The mere exposure effect is a preference for __________.

A) things consciously experienced before
B) things experienced before, even unconsciously
C) the learning of nondeclarative associations
D) things that have been experienced more frequently

Question 39

An example of a task that would rely on procedural memory would be __________.

A) learning the rules of hockey
C) learning the parts of a bicycle
D) remembering how your first date went

Question 40

The autonomous stage of skill acquisition requires what type of knowledge?

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) nondeclarative
D) both declarative and nondeclarative

Question 41

What is NOT a verbal way to test implicit memory?

A) repetition priming
B) paired associate learning
C) word fragment completion
D) lexical decision

Question 42

Select one of the phenomena of classical conditioning and provide a description of it.

Question 43

In studies of memory in anesthetized patients, researchers found that __________.

A) derogatory comments during surgery had no impact on speed of recovery
B) the brain remained completely dormant during surgery
C) listening to word lists during surgery decreased performance on later stem completion tasks
D) reading to patients during surgery influenced later free association tasks

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT 1 of the 3 stages of skill acquisition in memory research?

A) associative stage
B) autonomous stage
C) cognitive stage
D) declarative stage

Question 45

One difference between implicit and explicit memory is that __________.

A) implicit memory is affected more by perceptual than conceptual characteristics
B) implicit memory relies more on conceptual characteristics than conceptual characteristics Au: replace one?
C) implicit memory is declarative
D) implicit memory is affected more by the amount of encoding processing than data-driven processing

Question 46

Which of the following reflects the operation of implicit memory?

A) incidental learning
B) mnemonic control
C) intentional retrieval
D) slips of the tongue

Question 47

What aspect of skill acquisition is the primary mechanism in making someone an expert?

A) increased working memory capacity
B) reconditioning
C) amount of practice
D) long-term extinction

Question 48

What is the basic structure of classical conditioning?

Question 49

When people are anesthetized and unconscious during surgery, they remember __________.

A) nothing
B) only comments about themselves
C) precise details of the operation
D) possibly the gist of some comments made

Question 50

In classical conditioning, what is the difference between blocking and higher-order conditioning?

Question 51

The learning of sequences (such as a sequence of lights flashing) through nondeclarative memory can result in __________.

A) faster responding when following or repeating the sequence
B) strictly conscious recollection of the sequence
C) slower responding as the sequence progresses
D) an innate sense of progression through the sequence

Question 52

What is an example of unconscious learning under anesthesia?

A) perceptual fluency
B) fat lady syndrome
C) conceptual reorganization
D) Learning cannot occur under anesthesia. Short Answers

Question 53

Nondeclarative memory skills, such as procedural memories, can be disrupted by __________.

A) consciously focusing on a task
B) unconscious biases and tangents
C) negative priming
D) classical conditioning

Question 54

A case illustrating the fact that that people can implicitly learn regular sequences is __________.

A) contextualization
B) lexical decision
C) word-stem completion
D) artificial grammars

Question 55

Why do skilled experts sometimes choke on a well-learned procedural task?

A) Automatic processes overwhelm more conscious ones.
B) There is a retrieval error.
C) Conscious, cognitive processes intrude on and disrupt more accurate automatic ones.
D) Anxiety increases the overall level of neural noise, reducing performance.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT an implicit memory task?

A) perceptual identification
B) naming
C) word fragment completion
D) cued recall

Question 57

When people learn artificial grammars, they can __________.

A) consciously reproduce the rules
B) unconsciously identify new, grammatically legal sequences
C) unconsciously remember only previously seen, specific sequences
D) consciously reject sequences that have not been seen before

Question 58

What makes a memory a nondeclarative memory?

Question 59

What types of associations are learned in classical conditioning?

Question 60

What are the stages of skill acquisition?

Question 61

What are some examples of implicit memory tests?

Question 62

What is the importance of studies of sequence in learning to understanding implicit memory?

Question 63

What is long-term working memory, and what is its relation to skill acquisition?

Question 64

What is the difference between data-driven and conceptually driven processing?