Deck 15: Development

Question 1

What is the looking method that can be used with infants in memory research?

A) observing an infant's facial expression
B) observing changes in where an infant is looking
C) looking for indicators of memory performance
D) looking at measures that correlate with remembering

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Increases in memory performance in children are closely linked to __________.

A) increases in processing speed
B) advanced perceptual processes
C) decreased metamemory awareness
D) dietary changes

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Memory in infancy is __________.

A) nonexistent
B) inaccessible
C) limited to procedural and nondeclarative
D) limited to procedural and episodic

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which part(s) of the brain is(are) less developed at birth?

A) frontal lobes
B) medial temporal lobes
C) thalamus
D) brain stem

Question 5

At what age can an infant remember to reproduce a previously observed action, showing the use of episodic memory, using the elicited imitations paradigm?

A) at birth
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 9 months

Question 6

The sensory registers (echoic memory and visuo-spatial sketchpad) __________.

A) improve as a child ages
B) worsen as a child ages
C) remain stable as a child ages
D) are nonexistent in childhood

Question 7

What is NOT true about the memories of children?

A) They are nearly as good as adults' memories.
B) They are highly prone to suggestibility.
C) Strategy use grows much more sophisticated in a short span of time.
D) Speed of processing and articulation do not impact memory performance.

Question 8

Which is NOT true about memory in infancy?

A) Implicit memories are well-developed at birth.
B) Infants are not sensitive to context information.
C) Infants prefer the sound of voices heard while they were in the womb.
D) Infants create and use categories when they are 3 or 4 months old.

Question 9

At what age can infants make basic category decisions, such as the difference between dogs and cats?

A) 1-2 months
B) 3-4 months
C) 10-12 months
D) 12-14 months

Question 10

Babies can make distinctions between superordinate categories like "animals" and "vehicles" at __________.

A) around 5 months of age
B) around 9 months of age
C) around 14 months of age
D) around 2 years of age

Question 11

The correct identification of line drawings of objects by infants provides insight into their __________.

A) semantic memory
B) episodic memory
C) procedural memory
D) visual imagery

Question 12

At what age can infants make superordinate and subordinate category decisions?

A) 1-2 months
B) 3-4 months
C) 10-12 months
D) 12-14 months

Question 13

People begin using abstract categories around ______________.

A) 3-4 months of age
B) 9-12 months of age
C) 2-3 years of age
D) 5 years of age

Question 14

Working memory span __________.

A) increases as a child ages
B) decreases as a child ages
C) remains stable as a child ages
D) is negligible in childhood

Question 15

How young are infants when they start to show evidence of episodic memory in the conjugate reinforcement paradigm?

A) at birth
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 9 months

Question 16

When an infant is allowed to observe some activity and then is later given the opportunity to try to do that activity, if it is remembered, this is called __________.

A) conjugate reinforcement
B) elicited imitation
C) delayed matching to sample
D) looking method

Question 17

What is the non-nutritive sucking method that can be used with infants in memory research?

A) providing neurological tracers that will not be taken up by the body as nutrients
B) denying an infant food for a short period to motivate them to remember where it is
C) assessing memory performance when an infant is not hungry and, thus, is motivated
D) measuring the rate at which an infant sucks on a device while not feeding

Question 18

Memory in infancy is __________.

A) just like an adult's
B) very poor for declarative memories
C) almost nonexistent
D) very poor for procedural memories

Question 19

What is typically done in the conjugate reinforcement paradigm with infants?

A) An infant is allowed to go back to the mother.
B) An infant is allowed to watch interesting pictures if he or she successfully remembers something.
C) associating a reinforcer, such as mobile movement, with infant movements, such as kicking
D) an old behaviorist approach to studying infant memory

Question 20

What is NOT a reliable way to measure memory in infants?

A) amount of time looking at an object
B) nonnutritive sucking rate
C) amount of giggling
D) assessing imitation ability

Question 21

According to the speed theory of memory and aging, slower processing can cause __________.

A) delayed interference effects over time
B) confusion with multiple process stage end products
C) decreases in the accessibility of information in working memory
D) an inability to complete processes in time

Question 22

Brinley plots of aging typically __________.

A) have slopes greater than one
B) are used only with older adults, not with younger adults
C) show a logarithmic change in cognitive performance
D) involve the inverse intercept rule

Question 23

How does process speed change as a person moves from infancy to childhood?

A) It increases.
B) It decreases.
C) It stays steady.
D) There is no way to adequately measure this.

Question 24

How does the inhibition of irrelevant information change as a person grows older?

A) There is no change.
B) It decreases.
C) It increases.
D) There is either an increase or a decrease, depending on childhood experiences.

Question 25

What is one of the results of cognitive slowing with aging?

A) decreased working memory capacity
B) failure to retain end products for later stages
C) decreased inhibitory abilities
D) unwanted information enters working memory

Question 26

Which of the following is a change that may occur in older adults as an attempt to compensate for declines in neural functioning?

A) faster cerebellar activation
B) slower cerebellar activation
C) decreased lateralization
D) increased lateralization

Question 27

Children tend to organize their knowledge of furniture in their home by room at age _____ years and by furniture category at age _____ years.

A) 5; 10
B) 10; 5
C) 16; 10
D) 10; 16

Question 28

A typical finding using Brinley plots is that older adults process information at about ____ times the speed of younger adults.

A) 2
B) 1.5
C) 3
D) )5

Question 29

What is the best description of age-related changes in working memory capacity?

A) profound
B) completely absent
C) small but reliable
D) exclusively qualitative

Question 30

What is one of the results of a decline in inhibitory abilities with aging?

A) decreased interference effects
B) increased time thinking about irrelevant thoughts
C) smaller directed forgetting effects
D) loss of normal forgetting

Question 31

According to the inhibitory deficit theory of memory and aging, older adults have memory problems because they __________.

A) inhibit the wrong information
B) are not able to organize their processing goals
C) remember too much
D) lose track of the memory processing stages

Question 32

At what age do children typically start developing scripts and schemas?

A) birth
B) age 3
C) age 6
D) age 8

Question 33

Brinley plots of aging __________.

A) reduce the need to compare response-time slopes
B) reflect drifts in the focus of memory processing
C) compare older adults' processing speeds with those of younger adults
D) indicate large amounts of forgetting on the part of older adults

Question 34

What of the following is a consequence of age-related changes in the speed of processing for older adults?

A) increased working memory capacity
B) faster response times
C) decreased loss of information over time
D) failure to complete memory processes in time

Question 35

Increases in memory performance in children are closely linked to __________.

A) decreases in processing speed
B) advanced perceptual processes
C) increased metamemory awareness
D) dietary changes

Question 36

Children's semantic memory improves when __________.

A) they have script-inconsistent information
B) they are especially interested in a certain topic
C) the brain grows to about the size of a large fist
D) they only have few links to a target, so they can retrieve information without interference

Question 37

Neurons fire ________ for older adults than for younger adults.

A) in a more repetitive pattern
B) faster
C) at the same rate
D) slower

Question 38

Older adults appear to have a reduced working memory capacity. This would be a problem because they would __________.

A) experience less interference
B) be slower in the rate at which they processed information
C) be less able to coordinate multiple pieces of information
D) be forming chunks in memory that are too large

Question 39

Semantic knowledge in childhood __________.

A) is not very sophisticated
B) lacks schemas and scripts
C) can be complex in domains that are interesting to the child
D) cannot be dissociated from episodic memory

Question 40

What part of the brain tends to show the greatest decline with old age?

A) frontal lobes
B) occipital lobes
C) thalamus
D) medulla

Question 41

Older adults are better than younger adults at remembering __________.

A) the situations to which news stories refer
B) verbatim memory
C) things that happened in their 20s
D) mood incongruent information

Question 42

What change in self-initiated processing occurs as a result of the natural aging process?

A) It increases.
B) It decreases.
C) It emerges.
D) It shifts focus.

Question 43

A memory task that is more likely to show the effects of a decline in self-initiated process is __________.

A) recognition
B) perceptual identification
C) recall
D) word fragment completion

Question 44

Changes in self-initiated processing in older adults can be attributed to changes in __________.

A) the frontal lobes
B) decreased numbers of mitochondria
C) slower metabolisms
D) the older adults' shuffling gait

Question 45

How does semantic memory change in old age?

A) It shrinks.
B) It continues to develop.
C) It becomes rearranged.
D) It shows smaller priming effects.

Question 46

How much does the organization of information in episodic memory change as people grow old?

A) very little
B) a great deal
C) almost completely
D) It depends on the information being learned.

Question 47

Which type of memory is affected the most negatively by aging?

A) semantic memory
B) higher-level memory
C) episodic memory for details
D) schematic memory

Question 48

How does prospective memory change with advancing age?

A) It gets better, particularly for event-based prospective memory.
B) It becomes worse, particularly for event-based prospective memory.
C) It gets better, particularly for time-based prospective memory.
D) It becomes worse, particularly for time-based prospective memory.

Question 49

What does NOT decline with aging?

A) semantic memory
B) source monitoring
C) episodic memory
D) declarative memory

Question 50

What is the positivity effect found with old age?

A) a positive increase in the rate of forgetting
B) decreased memory for positive events
C) increased certainty in memory change over time
D) an old-age-related emphasis on positive information

Question 51

How are older adults affected by emotional content in memory compared to younger adults?

A) They are affected similarly.
B) They are less affected.
C) They are more affected.
D) They are less affected, but only during low circadian rhythms.

Question 52

What is one of the things that stays the same in memory as people get older?

A) Recall memory is roughly the same.
B) Declarative memory remains intact.
C) Priming effects are similar.
D) Processing speed is constant.

Question 53

What is one of the things that changes in memory as people get older?

A) There are large declines in recognition memory.
B) Temporal lobes excessively degrade.
C) Source memory is less reliable.
D) Encoding specificity is more prominent.

Question 54

To help maintain memory abilities as one ages, it is important to be ___________ active.

A) physically
B) intellectually
C) socially
D) all of the above
Short Answers

Question 55

Which of the following declines as we get old?

A) priming effects
B) recognition memory
C) recall memory
D) remembering well-learned information

Question 56

Because of changes in cognitive processing that occur with age, during a jury trial, older adults might be ________ to have a recommendation of a criminal sentence influenced by knowledge they were given but were told is irrelevant.

A) more likely
B) less likely
C) as likely
D) more or less likely

Question 57

All the following change as a function of age, EXCEPT __________.

A) source monitoring
B) hypermnesia
C) reminiscence
D) metamemory

Question 58

In old age, memory is ________ influenced by context information and there is ________ emphasis on emotional information.

A) less; decreased
B) less; greater
C) more; decreased
D) more; greater

Question 59

Which of the following aspects of memory performance does not change with natural aging?

A) recall memory
B) source memory
D) context dependency

Question 60

Compared to younger adults, older adults are ________ sensitive to emotional information.

A) more
B) less
C) just as
D) inversely

Question 61

What parts of the brain, critical to memory, are less developed at birth?

Question 62

What is the relationship between processing speed and memory in children?

Question 63

What is the looking method that is used when testing infants?

Question 64

What are two things that change in memory with normal aging?

Question 65

What metamemory changes occur in children?

Question 66

How is children's memory affected by their prior knowledge?

Question 67

What is a consequence of slower processing on memory performance with aging?

Question 68

What are two things that stay the same in memory with normal aging?

Question 69

What neurological changes occur as a function of the natural aging process?

Question 70

What type of source monitoring is most affected by aging?