Deck 6: Proteins: Crucial Components of All Body Tissues

Question 1

What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body?

A)the body's need for a protein
B)the DNA inside the nucleus of the cell
C)the number of essential amino acids available
D)the combination of proteins consumed in the diet

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The process through which mRNA copies genetic information from DNA and carries it to the ribosome is called

A)translation.
B)deamination.
C)denaturation.
D)transcription.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is a body protein that is stored in a gland and secreted to an organ to restore normal body conditions or balance?

A)enzyme
B)hormone
C)antibody
D)buffer

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Egg whites stiffen when they are whipped. The change that occurs in the protein is called

A)denaturation.
B)translocation.
C)transcription.
D)deamination.

Question 5

How many strings of amino acids does a polypeptide consist of?

A)two
B)more than four
C)nine
D)more than ten

Question 6

Which of the following is the MOST complete protein from a plant source?

A)green beans
B)soybeans
C)bread
D)apples

Question 7

The process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another is called

A)gene expression.
B)alteration.
C)deamination.
D)transamination.

Question 8

In what structure of the mammalian cell are proteins synthesized?

A)nucleus
B)ribosome
C)cell membrane
D)mitochondria

Question 9

Which of the following foods is a source of complete protein?

A)broccoli
B)apple
C)chicken
D)whole grain bread

Question 10

In phenylketonuria (PKU), which amino acid becomes conditionally essential?

A)phenylalanine
B)tyrosine
C)alanine
D)cysteine

Question 11

What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?

A)carbon
B)hydrogen
C)oxygen
D)nitrogen

Question 12

Of the 20 amino acids relevant to the human body, how many are considered nonessential?

A)none
B)9
C)11
D)20

Question 13

The twisting, spiral shape formed by the sequence and chemical properties of its amino acids refers to what part of a protein's structure?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary

Question 14

In the body, buffers are very important in

A)defending the body against bacteria and toxins.
B)maintaining acid-base balance in the body.
C)accelerating chemical reactions in the body.
D)maintaining and repairing body tissue.

Question 15

MOST of the proteins in the body are synthesized from

A)nine amino acids.
B)twenty amino acids.
C)ten fatty acids.
D)fifteen fatty acids.

Question 16

Two amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond to form a dipeptide. What is the by-product of this process?

A)ammonia
B)water
C)carbon dioxide
D)hydrochloric acid

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a component of an amino acid molecule?

A)a central carbon
B)an amine group
C)an acid group
D)a fatty acid group

Question 18

Which part of an individual amino acid distinguishes it from other amino acids?

A)side chain
B)central carbon
C)amine group
D)acid group

Question 19

A complete protein

A)contains all 20 amino acids.
B)contains all 9 essential amino acids.
C)has not been denatured.
D)is composed of only di- and tripeptides.

Question 20

The part of the protein molecule that carries nitrogen is the

A)acid group.
B)amine group.
C)side chain.
D)hydrogen group.

Question 21

An acid-base imbalance can result in

A)no change in the pH of the blood.
B)an increased rate of absorption in the stomach.
C)coma and death.
D)digestive problems.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT typically a nutrient of concern for vegans?

A)iron
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)vitamin C
D)calcium

Question 23

Which of the following health problems is NOT associated with high protein intakes?

A)heart disease
B)kidney disease
C)bone loss
D)sickle cell anemia

Question 24

Proteases are

A)protein messengers that are released from storage in response to an alteration in the body's homeostasis.
B)transport proteins that move substances throughout the body.
C)defense proteins that attack foreign bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
D)enzymes that break down protein in the small intestine.

Question 25

The type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by a general lack of protein in the diet is called

A)marasmus.
B)sickle cell anemia.
C)cystic fibrosis.
D)kwashiorkor.

Question 26

Which of the following proteins are fundamental to the immune system?

A)enzymes
B)antibodies
C)buffers
D)transport proteins

Question 27

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The healthy body's primary energy source is carbohydrate and fat.
B)The body stores excess protein primarily for energy reserves.
C)To utilize protein for energy, the amine group is removed.
D)Eating sufficient carbohydrate and fat will spare body protein.

Question 28

During the process of protein synthesis, what is the step in which messenger RNA is decoded into an amino acid sequence at the cell's ribosome called?

A)transcription
B)translation
C)deamination
D)denaturation

Question 29

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)HCl denatures protein to allow digestive enzymes to break down the protein.
B)HCl inhibits the digestion of fat so it does not compete with protein digestion.
C)HCl untangles the strands of protein and breaks the peptide bonds.
D)HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

Question 30

To conserve body protein for its vital functions and not use it to provide energy, you should

A)eat adequate amounts of carbohydrate and fat to conserve protein for other functions.
B)eat at least twice the recommended RDA for protein to ensure adequate protein stores.
C)work out in the gym at least three times a week to store additional protein for later use.
D)eat meat three times a week to ensure adequate protein storage.

Question 31

Which of the following supplements would you recommend a vegan add to his/her diet?

A)protein
B)fiber
C)vitamin B₁₂
D)vitamin C

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an amino-acid containing hormone?

A)insulin
B)thyroid
C)glucagon
D)testosterone

Question 33

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be in positive nitrogen balance?

A)a 29-year-old woman who is 6 months pregnant
B)a 20-year-old female who is consuming 500 calories a day
C)a 10-year-old boy recovering from severe burns
D)a 30-year-old man with a temperature of 103.7°F

Question 34

The absorption of proteins occurs in the

A)stomach.
B)small intestine.
C)large intestine.
D)liver.

Question 35

A well-planned vegetarian diet reduces the risk for many chronic diseases. For which of the following conditions does such a diet NOT minimize the risk?

A)obesity
B)heart disease
C)anemia
D)cancer

Question 36

The type of vegetarian who eats vegetables, grains, fruits, eggs, and milk but excludes all other types of animal protein is called a

A)vegan.
B)lacto-vegetarian.
C)lacto-ovo vegetarian.
D)pesco-vegetarian.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a major function of protein in the human body?

A)maintaining fluid balance
B)providing energy to the body
C)growth and maintenance of new tissue
D)synthesis of hormones

Question 38

Conduction of nerve signals and contraction of muscles depends on the proper balance of

A)glucose.
B)electrolytes.
C)buffers.
D)nitrogen.

Question 39

The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called

A)the protein-combining method.
B)amino acid sequencing method.
C)mutual supplementation.
D)protein.

Question 40

Significant chemical digestion of protein begins in the

A)mouth.
B)stomach.
C)gallbladder.
D)pancreas.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT associated with kwashiorkor?

A)flat belly and abdomen
B)fatty liver
C)loss of hair
D)weight loss and muscle wasting

Question 42

Under normal physiological conditions, every cell of the body is capable of making each type of protein needed by the body.

Question 43

The positively charged electrolyte concentrated inside the cell is potassium, and the positively charged electrolyte concentrated outside the cell is

A)oxygen.
B)sodium.
C)hydrogen.
D)nitrogen.

Question 44

Individual amino acid supplements are absorbed better than a combination of amino acids.

Question 45

The enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine are

A)proteases.
B)pepsins.
C)pepsinogens.
D)phosphofructokinases.

Question 46

Protein-energy malnutrition is seen only in developing countries.

Question 47

Essential amino acids are more important to the human body than nonessential amino acids.

Question 48

Because of their increased protein needs, it is unhealthy for athletes to choose to become vegetarians.

Question 49

A deficiency of protein can lead to what condition in which fluid accumulates in the body's tissue spaces?

A)edema
B)celiac disease
C)marasmus
D)acidosis

Question 50

It is necessary to eat animal-based proteins to stay healthy.

Question 51

When a protein attracts or releases hydrogen, it acts as a

A)transporter.
B)limiter.
C)buffer.
D)hydrogenater.

Question 52

The electrically charged particle that assists in maintaining the body's fluid balance is called a(n)

A)enzyme.
B)protease.
C)hormone.
D)electrolyte.

Question 53

As long as an athlete consumes adequate dietary protein, total caloric intake is not important in athletic performance.

Question 54

Which hormone controls both the production of hydrochloric acid and the release of pepsin?

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)gastrin
D)pepsin

Question 55

A substance-usually a protein-that the body recognizes as a foreign invader, triggering an immune response is an

A)antibody.
B)antigen.
C)antihistamine.
D)antibiotic.

Question 56

A healthy pregnant woman is in positive nitrogen balance.

Question 57

Vegetarian diets are associated with increased consumption of

A)carcinogens.
B)antioxidants.
C)prions.
D)vitamins B₁₂ and D.

Question 58

The proteins responsible for helping maintain fluid balance are known as

A)proteases.
B)transport proteins.
C)buffers.
D)hormones.

Question 59

Which of the following processes involves both the synthesis of new proteins and the breakdown of existing proteins to provide amino acids for building new proteins?

A)transcription
B)translation
C)turnover
D)acidosis

Question 60

Which of the following is an excellent source of protein that includes foods such as kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, soybeans, lentils, and chickpeas?

A)quorn
B)quinoa
C)nuts
D)legumes

Question 61

Discuss the steps involved in protein synthesis and gene expression.

Question 62

Denaturation results in the loss of the protein's function.

Question 63

What are three physiological consequences of consuming too much protein?

Question 64

Discuss the health benefits associated with becoming a vegetarian.

Question 65

Peptide bonds are chemical bonds in which the amine group of one amino acid binds to the acid group of another amino acid.

Question 66

Complementary proteins provide all twenty essential amino acids.

Question 67

Marasmus is a serious condition resulting from inadequate intakes of protein and energy.

Question 68

All legumes are complete proteins.

Question 69

Soybeans are good sources of protein, and the protein quality is almost identical to that of meat.

Question 70

What is nitrogen balance? Describe the laboratory procedure used to determine protein status in individuals.

Question 71

Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen into its active form pepsin.

Question 72

Diets high in protein are associated with low blood cholesterol levels.

Question 73

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions without being physically altered.

Question 74

The process in which a protein loses its shape and function when exposed to acids, heat, and heavy metals is deamination.

Question 75

The majority of protein digestion occurs in the mouth.

Question 76

The essential amino acid found in the shortest supply or missing from the amino acid pool is called a complementary amino acid.

Question 77

Consuming individual amino acids and protein supplements can build muscle and improve strength.

Question 78

During transcription, mRNA copies genetic information from DNA and carries it to the cytoplasm for synthesis.

Question 79

Most Americans consume sufficient or excess amounts of dietary protein.

Question 80

Alkalosis is a condition in which the pH of the blood becomes too basic.