Deck 14: Nutrition Through the Lifecycle: Pregnancy and the First Year of Life

Question 1

Which of the following fatty acids is critical to fetal brain and eye development?

A)stearic acid
B)oleic acid
C)docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
D)palmitic acid

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the

A)mother's weight at the end of the first trimester.
B)size of the fetus at 3 months' gestation.
C)mother's weight before becoming pregnant.
D)mother's height.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The inner portion of the zygote that implants in the uterine lining is called the

A)fetus.
B)blastocyst.
C)embryo.
D)placenta.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Macrocytic anemia results from a deficiency of

A)vitamin D.
B)vitamin B₆.
C)vitamin B₁₂.
D)vitamin C.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is F regarding calcium needs during pregnancy?

A)The AI for calcium is the same for pregnant and non-pregnant women.
B)Calcium absorption is very efficient during pregnancy.
C)The extra demand for calcium during pregnancy has been shown to cause bone demineralization and increase the risk of future fractures.
D)Kale, collard greens, and broccoli are good plant sources of calcium.

Question 6

What is the average weight for a healthy newborn in the United States (with an average height of 18 to 22 inches long)?

A)5-1/2 lbs
B)6-1/2 lbs
C)7-1/2 lbs
D)8-1/2 lbs

Question 7

During the second and third trimesters, the caloric needs of a pregnant woman increase by how many kilocalories per day?

A)350 to 450
B)350 to 500
C)350 to 600
D)350 to 750

Question 8

In which trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens?

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 9

During pregnancy, a woman's consumption of fish should not exceed 12 oz per week to avoid what kind of contamination?

A)mercury
B)lead
C)arsenic
D)nitrogen

Question 10

It has been suggested that what percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if all women of childbearing age consumed adequate amounts of folate or folic acid?

A)25 percent
B)30 percent
C)50 percent
D)70 percent

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding for the infant?

A)The protein in breast milk is easy for the infant to digest.
B)The antibodies and immune factors found in breast milk help to protect the infant from infection.
C)The DHA found in breast milk is essential to the development of the infant's nervous system and retina.
D)The fat in breast milk is difficult for the infant to digest.

Question 12

From the third month of pregnancy until birth the developing human is called a(n)

A)fetus.
B)embryo.
C)zygote.
D)blastocyst.

Question 13

Inadequate intake of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregnancy is associated with neural tube defects in the fetus?

A)protein
B)iron
C)folate
D)calcium

Question 14

Which of the following statements is F regarding vitamin B₁₂ during pregnancy?

A)Vitamin B₁₂ is easily obtained by consuming animal food sources.
B)The RDA for vitamin B₁₂ doubles during pregnancy.
C)Vegan women are at risk for developing a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency during this time.
D)Vitamin B₁₂ absorption is very efficient during pregnancy.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a reason that infants are at higher risk of dehydration than adults?

A)Breast milk or formula meets an infant's fluid needs.
B)Infants lose proportionally more fluid via evaporation than adults.
C)Infants have immature kidneys and are unable to concentrate urine as well as adults.
D)Infants have kidneys that produce highly concentrated urine.

Question 16

Rich dietary sources of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) include

A)beef and pork.
B)green leafy and yellow vegetables.
C)butter and milk.
D)mackerel and salmon.

Question 17

The point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the sperm is

A)implantation.
B)conception.
C)parturition.
D)gestation.

Question 18

Substances that cause birth defects are called

A)genopathogens.
B)teratogens.
C)neonatal pathogens.
D)toxicogens.

Question 19

At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate MOST important?

A)during the first four weeks after conception
B)during the second trimester
C)during the third trimester
D)immediately prior to delivery

Question 20

A low birth weight infant is one who weighs less than how many pounds?

A)5.5
B)6.0
C)6.5
D)7.0

Question 21

During pregnancy what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe?

A)none
B)one drink a month
C)one drink a week
D)one drink a day

Question 22

Which of the following enhances the absorption of iron?

A)caffeine
B)bran
C)vitamin C
D)oxalates

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a maternal benefit of breastfeeding?

A)assists the uterus in returning to prepregnancy size
B)potential decreased risk of breast cancer
C)shortens the intervals between pregnancies
D)is less costly

Question 24

The stimulus that is needed for continued and sustained production of breast milk is

A)high fluid intake by the mother.
B)high protein intake by the mother.
C)infant suckling.
D)ovulation.

Question 25

Which of the following would NOT be good advice to give to a parent regarding the introduction of solids to their six-month-old infant?

A)Add honey to cereal and fruit to improve infant acceptance of these new foods.
B)Introduce one new food at a time and watch for signs of allergies.
C)Iron-fortified rice cereal is the first food to introduce to your infant.
D)Select commercial baby foods that are low in sodium or sugar.

Question 26

During the first six months of lactation, the daily caloric needs of the mother increases by how many kilocalories as compared to prepregnancy levels?

A)100
B)330
C)540
D)650

Question 27

Most of a pregnant woman's nutrient needs can be met by consuming a healthful, balanced diet, except for which specific nutrient?

A)iron
B)folate
C)calcium
D)protein

Question 28

Milk that is low in fat and produced first in a nursing session is known as

A)hindmilk.
B)colostrum.
C)final milk.
D)foremilk.

Question 29

The primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux and constipation during pregnancy is

A)inadequate fluid intake by the mother.
B)overeating by the mother.
C)intolerance to prenatal vitamins.
D)relaxation of the smooth muscles.

Question 30

Which of the following hormones is referred to as the "let down" hormone?

A)oxytocin
B)thyroid
C)estrogen
D)prolactin

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT associated with gestational diabetes?

A)delivery of a low birth weight infant
B)increased maternal risk of developing type 2 diabetes
C)increased fetal risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life
D)increased fetal risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Question 32

Which of the following foods is considered safe for pregnant women to consume?

A)unpasteurized feta cheese
B)sushi
C)hard-boiled eggs
D)raw bean sprouts

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of preeclampsia?

A)protein in the urine
B)high blood pressure
C)unexplained and rapid weight loss
D)edema

Question 34

The hormones that prepare the breasts physically for lactation are estrogen, progesterone, and

A)colostrum.
B)prolactin.
C)galactose.
D)oxytocin.

Question 35

Fetal demand for iron is highest during the

A)first trimester.
B)second trimester.
C)third trimester.
D)entire gestational period.

Question 36

The only thing that will "cure" eclampsia is

A)delivery of the infant.
B)hypertensive medication.
C)low sodium diet.
D)bed rest.

Question 37

A normal-weight woman should gain approximately how many pounds during pregnancy?

A)25 to 30
B)25 to 35
C)25 to 40
D)25 to 45

Question 38

At birth, baby Ramon weighs 8 pounds. If his growth and development are normal, what would you expect Ramon to weigh at his first birthday?

A)16 pounds
B)20 pounds
C)24 pounds
D)32 pounds

Question 39

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all breastfed infants be given what kind of supplement to decrease the risk of developing rickets?

A)zinc
B)protein
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin D

Question 40

Excess consumption of what nutrient during pregnancy is associated with birth defects?

A)iron
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin A
D)calcium

Question 41

Anchovies, mackerel, salmon, and sardines are good sources of

A)DHA.
B)vitamin C.
C)folate.
D)fiber.

Question 42

A pregnant woman who is overweight should restrict her caloric intake and attempt to lose weight before delivery.

Question 43

Recommendations for weight gain vary according to a woman's weight before pregnancy.

Question 44

Severe tooth decay as a result of prolonged exposure to breast milk, formula, or juice is called

A)pica.
B)milk anemia.
C)nursing bottle syndrome.
D)rickets.

Question 45

The substance that cushions and protects the developing fetus is the

A)amniotic fluid.
B)placenta.
C)blastocyst.
D)umbilical cord.

Question 46

Malnutrition decreases a man's fertility.

Question 47

Over-reliance on breast milk or formula by infants and children can limit iron intake and lead to

A)milk anemia.
B)sickle cell anemia.
C)macrocytic anemia.
D)iron-deficiency anemia.

Question 48

The sticky "first stool" excreted by the newborn infant is called

A)pica.
B)amniotic fluid.
C)colostrum.
D)meconium.

Question 49

Which pregnancy-specific organ is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products?

A)ovary
B)placenta
C)uterus
D)blastocyst

Question 50

The major protein found in breast milk is

A)lactalbumin.
B)lactic acid.
C)lactose.
D)albumin.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a factor that indicates an infant is ready to accept solid foods?

A)The infant can sit up with or without support.
B)The infant's tongue extrusion reflex has begun to abate.
C)The infant is at least six months old.
D)The infant has high stores of iron.

Question 52

Inconsolable crying for hours at a time is a characteristic of

A)milk allergy.
B)dehydration.
C)milk anemia.
D)colic.

Question 53

Sodium needs during pregnancy are the same as for a non-pregnant adult woman.

Question 54

The hormone responsible for the synthesis of breast milk is called

A)oxytocin.
B)prolactin.
C)progesterone.
D)lactic acid.

Question 55

All cases of neural tube defects are directly related to a lack of folate consumption during pregnancy.

Question 56

During pregnancy women should not consume fish or fish products.

Question 57

Why is it strongly recommended that infants NOT consume honey?

A)Honey consumption during infancy is associated with the development of dental caries.
B)Honey can lead to chronic diarrhea in infants.
C)Infants do not like the taste of honey.
D)Honey contains spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

Question 58

Why are newborn infants given a single injection of vitamin K?

A)Breast milk and infant formulas are low in vitamin K.
B)The trauma of birth destroys the newborn's vitamin K stores.
C)The infant's intestinal bacteria are not yet able to synthesize vitamin K.
D)Infants cannot absorb vitamin K until approximately 3 months of age.

Question 59

Premilk, which is rich in immune factors and protein, is also known by what name?

A)foremilk
B)hindmilk
C)colostrum
D)meconium

Question 60

Taking megadoses of beta-carotene while pregnant is associated with birth defects in the infant.

Question 61

Pica, the abnormal craving for nonfood items, results from a nutrient deficiency.

Question 62

Currently the only cure for eclampsia is childbirth.

Question 63

Children under the age of 1 should not be given cow's milk.

Question 64

It is advised that all women with HIV not breastfeed.

Question 65

Excessive vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy is associated with birth defects.

Question 66

The neural tube will differentiate into the fetus's skeleton and spinal cord.

Question 67

Hormones released during pregnancy constrict smooth muscle cells and increase the likelihood of developing heartburn.

Question 68

Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for pregnant women.

Question 69

The "let down" hormone, oxytocin is activated by the stress response.

Question 70

Once the placenta has formed, the fetus's and mother's blood supplies will co-circulate.

Question 71

During pregnancy it is difficult for many women to obtain adequate iron from diet alone.

Question 72

If a woman suffers from gestational diabetes she has an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Question 73

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life.

Question 74

Alcohol is a potential teratogen for a developing fetus.

Question 75

Caffeine consumption during pregnancy is harmless to the fetus because it cannot cross the placenta.

Question 76

It is impossible for a woman who adopts an infant to breastfeed.

Question 77

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is dangerous only during the first trimester.

Question 78

Breastfed infants have a low risk of developing heart disease in life because breast milk is very low in cholesterol.

Question 79

Breastfeeding suppresses ovulation and can be used as a reliable form of contraception.

Question 80

If a breastfeeding woman eats a well-planned, nutrient-dense diet she does not need to take supplements.