Deck 11: Sleep and Waking

Question 1

 The free-running daily cycle of human beings is _________ hours long.

A) between 22 and 23
B) between 23 and 24
C) between 24 and 25
D) more than 30

Answer 1

between 24 and 25

Question 2

 Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

A) sleep-waking cycles
B) menstrual cycles
C) seasonal migration
D) mating seasons

Answer 2

sleep-waking cycles

Question 3

 Cells forming the retinohypothalamic pathway contain

A) rhodopsin, the same photopigment found in rods.
B) a variety of color photopigments.
C) no photopigments.
D) the photopigment melanopsin.

Answer 3

the photopigment melanopsin.

Question 4

 Professor West is lecturing on sleep cycles and tells his class that the axons that form the retinohypothalamic pathway

A) come from special ipRGC cells within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
B) come from special cells called extrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.
C) come from special cells called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.
D) come from special color-sensitive ganglion cells within the retina.

Question 5

 The Jarmans' daughter just turned 15. They have found that she

A) has continued her previous patterns of sleep and waking.
B) requires less sleep than at other points in her life span.
C) has changed from being an "owl" to a "lark."
D) has changed from being a "lark" to an "owl."

Question 6

 You've been in college in Orange County, California, and you've been asked to interview for graduate school at Harvard on the east coast. If you have a choice, what schedule should you set for yourself, given the issue of jet lag?

A) Fly out of LA at 5 p.m. PST and get into Boston at 2 a.m. EST for an 8 a.m. meeting with the dean the same day.
B) Fly out of LA at 7 a.m. PST and get into Boston at 4 p.m. EST for an 8 a.m. meeting with the dean the next day.
C) Fly out of LA at 7 a.m. PST and get into Boston at 4 p.m. EST for a 1 p.m. meeting with the dean the next day.
D) Fly out of LA at 11 p.m. PST and get into Boston at 4 a.m. EST for a 3 p.m. meeting with the dean the same day.

Question 7

 Americans are believed to be somewhat sleep deprived because the average adult spends about _____ in bed (and not necessarily asleep).

A) three hours
B) five hours
C) seven hours
D) eight hours

Question 8

 How long does an ultradian cycle typically last?

A) about 24 hours
B) 90-120 minutes
C) half a year
D) 28 days

Question 9

 The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the

A) midbrain.
B) hypothalamus.
C) pons.
D) medulla.

Question 10

 Jet lag is

A) worse when one travels in an eastward direction.
B) worse when one travels in a westward direction.
C) worse when one travels in a northward direction.
D) dependent on distance traveled, not direction.

Question 11

 The CEO of Industrial Company X has found that his workers have the most accidents

A) at the end of each work week.
B) during the day.
C) at the beginning of each work week.
D) at night.

Question 12

 Joshua, who is 19 years old, can't seem to get to sleep until about 2 a.m. and then struggles to get up on time in order to attend morning classes. It is most likely that Joshua

A) has always been an "owl" and will continue this pattern throughout his adulthood.
B) is currently an owl but may or may not change to another pattern during his 20s.
C) might not have been an owl previously but will now maintain this pattern for the rest of his life.
D) has been an owl up to young adulthood but will change to a new pattern later in his 20s.

Question 13

 Jack is studying for a quiz and records in his notes that the SCN is the ______ and ________.

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus; is the only biological clock in the body.
B) superficial cortical nucleus; is one of multiple, independent biological clocks in the body.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus; may be viewed as the body's "master clock."
D) superficial cortical nucleus; responds more slowly to phase shifts than clocks in other types of tissue.

Question 14

 Evening and night shift workers experience

A) increased health problems, including higher rates of breast cancer.
B) increased mild health problems, such as more frequent colds.
C) about the same rate of health problems as workers on typical day shifts.
D) decreased health problems, as they are able to obtain greater amounts of sleep.

Question 15

 Paul has been working the night shift for a long time. He likely has

A) developed shift maladaptation syndrome.
B) developed a reduced need for sleep.
C) increases in NREM.
D) no observable symptoms.

Question 16

 Sleep patterns are most likely to change at puberty due to

A) social pressures to stay out late with friends.
B) a drop in the production of melatonin.
C) the need to sleep more due to the adolescent growth spurt.
D) changes in physical activity and eating patterns.

Question 17

 Andrew is an officer on a nuclear submarine that on occasion stays submerged for months, preventing any exposure to natural sunlight. To help maintain his normal sleeping habits, Andrew should

A) not worry about sleep, because his internal biological clocks can function perfectly in the absence of sunlight.
B) not try to go to sleep unless he can barely keep his eyes open.
C) nap for 15- to 20-minute intervals once per day.
D) maintain a regular schedule of eating and physical activity.

Question 18

 The body's internal "master clock" is

A) the pons.
B) the occipital cortex.
C) the thalamus
D) the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 19

 External cues, such as the rising of the sun, used by animals to establish daily rhythms are known as

A) phase shifts.
B) zeitgebers.
C) entrainment signals.
D) circadian rhythms.

Question 20

 School board member Lineman has proposed that his district change the school times so that classes begin later in the morning because he knows that this will

A) have little effect on school performance of children and teens.
B) boost school performance of elementary students but have no effect on teens and young adults.
C) improve school performance of teens and young adults.
D) decrease school performance of teens and young adults.

Question 21

 Release of melatonin is suppressed by

A) exposure of the animal to light.
B) exposure of the animal to darkness.
C) input from peripheral clocks.
D) input from the superior colliculi.

Question 22

 The SCN is active during the

A) day for diurnal species and during the night for nocturnal species.
B) day for nocturnal species and during the night for diurnal species.
C) day for both diurnal and nocturnal species.
D) night for both diurnal and nocturnal species.

Question 23

 Courtney believes that pulling regular "all-nighters" is an important part of being a college student, and she frequently goes all night without any sleep at all. Given what you know about sleep cycles and sleep deprivation, what else can you assume about Courtney?

A) She probably is just one of those people who don't need much sleep.
B) She is a conscientious student who probably has a very high grade-point average
C) She probably has a lower grade point average than most of her classmates and often feels depressed.
D) She has probably maintained this same pattern of sleeping since childhood.

Question 24

 Stephanie, who lives in California, is preparing to compete in track and field at the Olympics in London. She plans to arrive in London

A) two weeks before competing, because her peripheral clocks in her muscles and lungs take longer than her SCN to adjust to a new time zone.
B) two weeks before competing, because her SCN requires this time in order to adjust to the new time zone.
C) a couple of days before competing, because her SCN and peripheral clocks only require a short time to adjust to the new time zone.
D) a couple of days before competing, because eastern travel is easier on her SCN and peripheral clocks than the western travel she experienced competing in Beijing.

Question 25

 Who is MOST likely to be experiencing major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern?

A) Margaretta who lives at the equator in a town currently experiencing summer
B) Nella who lives at the equator in a town currently experiencing winter
C) Beckie who lives at higher latitudes in a town currently experiencing summer
D) Yuki who lives at higher latitudes in a town currently experiencing winter

Question 26

 Which of the following is an accurate description of the effects of zeitgebers on the body's internal clocks?

A) Both the SCN and peripheral clocks are affected more by light than any other type of zeitgeber.
B) The SCN is more affected by light, whereas the peripheral clocks are more affected by feeding patterns.
C) The peripheral clocks are more affected by light, whereas the SCN is more affected by physical activity.
D) Both the SCN and peripheral clocks are affected more by physical activity and feeding patterns than by light.

Question 27

 If SCN tissue is transplanted from a short-period hamster into a normal hamster,

A) no change can be observed.
B) the normal hamster will show 20-hour cycles.
C) the normal hamster will show 24-hour cycles.
D) the normal hamster will show 25-hour cycles.

Question 28

 Jessica just watched an extremely scary video with her friends and is now finding it very difficult to get to sleep, even though she knows that she is very tired. It is most likely that Jessica's sleeplessness is related to increases in the release of

A) melatonin.
B) cortisol.
C) dopamine.
D) acetylcholine.

Question 29

 In fruit flies, per and tim proteins

A) inhibit the Clock protein.
B) promote the production of the Clock protein.
C) are inhibited by the Clock protein.
D) inhibit the production of each other and the Clock protein.

Question 30

 Great Aunt Mary has always been a "lark," getting up early, working busily during the day, and then going to bed relatively early. She recently had a slight stroke, and the only thing that seems different about her is that her normal periods of sleeping and waking have changed. Now, you never know when she will get up or when she will go to bed, and she is often up half the night but sleeping during the day. Given what you have learned about sleep and waking, which one of the following brain areas might have been affected by her stroke?

A) the rubrospinal tract
B) the retinohypothalamic pathway
C) the mesolimbicstriatal pathway
D) the thalamopituitary pathway

Question 31

 Melatonin is secreted by the

A) superior colliculi.
B) SCN.
C) the pituitary gland.
D) the pineal gland.

Question 32

 Marleen was surprised to learn that melatonin was released during the _____ in diurnal species and during the _____ in nocturnal species.

A) day; night
B) night; day
C) day; day
D) night; night

Question 33

 The origin of the SCN's rhythms may be

A) exposure to the mother's rhythms in utero.
B) input from the retinohypothalamic tract.
C) exposure to melatonin.
D) oscillations of protein production and degradation.

Question 34

 Cortisol levels are normally

A) highest in the morning.
B) highest midday.
C) highest in the evening.
D) stable throughout the day.

Question 35

Rolanda is studying for a quiz. She knows that #1 in this diagram is pointing to the

A) SCN.
B) preoptic area (POA).
C) optic chiasm.
D) LGN of the thalamus.

Question 36

 As per and tim proteins degrade over time,

A) the Clock protein is inhibited, leading to greater production of per and tim.
B) the Clock protein is activated, leading to greater production of per and tim.
C) more melatonin is released by the pineal gland, leading to greater production of per and tim.
D) the SCN is inhibited, leading to less production of per and tim.

Question 37

 In fruit flies, levels of the proteins per and tim are highest during which of the stages illustrated in this figure?

A) number 1
B) number 2
C) number 3
D) number 4

Question 38

 John travels frequently to distant parts of the globe. He believes that adjusting his mealtimes to the destination time zone is helpful in dealing with jet lag. After studying the material in your textbook, you tell John that

A) he's wasting his time, as adjusting his mealtimes will have little if any effect on jet lag.
B) he should expect some benefits, as his SCN is very responsive to changes in feeding patterns.
C) he should expect some benefits, as his peripheral clocks should respond to changes in feeding patterns.
D) this is a highly effective strategy, because both his SCN and peripheral clocks are highly sensitive to changes in feeding patterns.

Question 39

 A blood clot recently formed in the SCN of Sam's hypothalamus. Fortunately, the clot was contained, and he seems to be doing very well. However, there has been a change in his behavior. What might you expect that change to be?

A) He has problems remembering names and faces.
B) His vision is slightly blurred all the time.
C) He seems to have problems with going to sleep and waking up at normal times.
D) His muscular coordination is not as good as it used to be.

Question 40

 The stress of crossing multiple time zones during air travel may

A) increase the release of melatonin.
B) decrease the release of melatonin.
C) increase the release of cortisol.
D) decrease the release of cortisol.

Question 41

 Although it is normal, Mr. Rebuck's EEG pattern five or six hours into his sleep study shows that his

A) NREM sleep decreases and REM sleep increases.
B) REM sleep decreases and NREM sleep increases.
C) REM and NREM sleep both decrease.
D) REM and NREM sleep both increase.

Question 42

 During sleep, Gilberto is most likely to experience muscle paralysis during

A) stage 1 NREM sleep.
B) stage 2 NREM sleep.
C) stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 43

 Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern may involve irregularities in the neurotransmitter

A) serotonin.
B) glutamate.
C) norepinephrine.
D) GABA.

Question 44

 Joseph is participating in an EEG study at his university, and the researcher has just asked him to perform some difficult calculations in his head. Which pattern of brain waves is most likely to be recorded from Joseph's brain during this task?

A) beta
B) alpha
C) theta
D) delta

Question 45

 Olga's brain activity is synchronous. This means she is likely

A) awake.
B) daydreaming.
C) in deep sleep.
D) dreaming.

Question 46

 Professor St. Clair tells her class that compared with stage 3 NREM, stage 4 NREM

A) has a larger proportion of delta waves.
B) includes more sleep spindles.
C) has a larger proportion of theta waves.
D) is often accompanied by myoclonia.

Question 47

 The majority of time during a typical night's sleep is spent in _________ sleep.

A) stage 1 NREM
B) stage 2 NREM
C) stages 3 and 4 NREM
D) REM

Question 48

 K-complexes occur

A) during episodes of myoclonia.
B) throughout all sleep stages but primarily during REM.
C) in response to awakening.
D) spontaneously and in response to unexpected stimuli.

Question 49

 Myoclonia is usually observed during

A) waking.
B) stage 1 NREM sleep.
C) stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 50

 Research comparing rates of major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern in Canada and Iceland has demonstrated that

A) all populations living at high latitudes are equally likely to experience the condition.
B) more Canadians experience the condition than Icelanders, suggesting that Icelanders may have developed some genetic protections against the condition.
C) more Icelanders experience the condition than Canadians, suggesting that Canadians may have developed some genetic protections against the condition.
D) native Icelanders or Canadians were unlikely to experience the condition, but people who migrate to those countries are more vulnerable to the condition.

Question 51

 Which is the correct order of brain waves associated with the highest to lowest levels of alertness?

A) gamma band, beta, alpha, theta, delta
B) alpha, beta, gamma band, theta, delta
C) alpha, beta, delta, gamma band, theta
D) delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma band

Question 52

 Shirely's electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates desynchronous activity. She is likely

A) in a coma.
B) in stage 3 or 4 of NREM sleep.
C) dreaming.
D) awake.

Question 53

 Megan is participating in an EEG study at her university. Currently, she is awake, relaxed, and staring out the window while the technician takes some baseline readings. Which pattern of brain waves is most likely to be recorded from Megan's brain at this time?

A) beta waves
B) alpha waves
C) theta waves
D) delta waves

Question 54

 According to your text, which of the following might be evidence that you have normal ultradian rhythms?

A) 
Even though you love your psychology professor's lectures, about halfway through the second hour of class, you find yourself nodding off.
B) 
You are always hungry first thing in the morning no matter how late you ate the night before.
C) 
You are always awake by 7 a.m. no matter how late you stay up the night before.
D)  You always sleep eight hours every night (no more, no less) unless you set your alarm to wake you earlier.

Question 55

 Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern is usually treated by

A) keeping the patient in a dark room during the day for a few days.
B) administering cortisol.
C) exposing the patient to bright lights.
D) administering stimulant medication.

Question 56

 Throughout the night's sleep, periods of REM sleep occur about every _________ minutes.

A) 30-60
B) 60-90
C) 90-120
D) 120-180

Question 57

 The transition from drowsy wakefulness to stage 1 NREM sleep can usually be determined by the presence of more _________ wave activity.

A) beta
B) delta
C) alpha
D) theta

Question 58

 Waking is associated with

A) alpha waves only.
B) beta waves only.
C) alternations between alpha and beta waves.
D) alternations between alpha and theta waves.

Question 59

 EEG recordings during REM sleep are similar to _________ waves.

A) beta and alpha
B) beta and theta
C) alpha and theta
D) theta and delta

Question 60

 K-complexes occur during _________.

A) REM sleep
B) stage 1 NREM sleep
C) stage 2 NREM sleep
D) wakefulness

Question 61

 Which of the following structures are active during REM sleep but not during wakefulness or NREM sleep?

A) the locus coeruleus
B) the raphe nucleus
C) the basal forebrain
D) the rostral pontine reticular formation

Question 62

 Which of the following correctly describes the activity level of the locus coeruleus during different states of consciousness?

A) active during wakefulness and REM sleep but silent during NREM sleep
B) active during wakefulness, quieter during NREM sleep, and silent during REM sleep
C) silent during wakefulness, active during REM sleep, and silent during NREM sleep
D) active during wakefulness and silent during both REM and NREM sleep

Question 63

 The emotional quality of our dreams is most likely a result of the _________ during REM sleep.

A) activity of the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex
B) increased activity of the frontal lobes
C) suppression of the primary visual cortex
D) increased activity of the hippocampus

Question 64

 PGO spikes travel which of the following pathways?

A) from the pons to the hypothalamus to the occipital cortex
B) from the pons to the thalamus to the occipital cortex
C) from the pons to the medulla to the spinal cord
D) from the locus coeruleus to the hypothalamus to the cerebral cortex

Question 65

 Your roommate swears he never dreams. How might you prove differently to him?

A) Buy him a dream catcher and hang it by his bed.
B) Keep him awake for 48 hours and then he would remember his dreams.
C) Have him concentrate on something he wants to dream about before he goes to sleep, and then see if he remembers dreaming when he wakes up.
D) Watch him sleep, and when his eyes begin to move under his closed eyelids, wake him up, and he will probably realize he was dreaming.

Question 66

 Two pathways essential to wakefulness originate in the

A) reticular formation of the medulla.
B) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
C) POA of the hypothalamus.
D) reticular formation of the rostral pons.

Question 67

 Dr. Feit has demonstrated that rats with lesions in the POA experience

A) constant NREM sleep.
B) insomnia.
C) constant REM sleep.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 68

 PGO waves are usually observed

A) during stages 1 and 2 of NREM sleep.
B) during all stages of NREM sleep.
C) during REM sleep.
D) immediately after the subject awakens.

Question 69

 Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep occur

A) every 90 minutes or so throughout the night's sleep.
B) primarily during the first four hours of sleep.
C) primarily during the second four hours of sleep
D) more frequently as the night's sleep progresses.

Question 70

 Unless some type of pathology is present, the first segment of sleep is

A) always REM.
B) always NREM.
C) a mixture of REM and NREM.
D) a special state that cannot be characterized as either REM or NREM.

Question 71

 The brain waves typical of NREM sleep appear to be the result of

A) activity progressing from the pons to the lateral geniculate nucleus to the occipital cortex.
B) activity in the POA of the hypothalamus.
C) synchronization of cortical neurons by the thalamus.
D) desynchronization of cortical neurons by the thalamus.

Question 72

 The muscular paralysis associated with REM sleep results from

A) inhibition of the primary motor cortex by the pontine reticular formation.
B) PGO spikes.
C) inhibition originating in the reticular formation and traveling to the spinal cord.
D) inhibition of the basal ganglia.

Question 73

 Professor Dorrough explains to her class that the purpose of the eye movements during REM sleep is

A) to direct the eyes during dreaming.
B) to reduce emotional stress.
C) to maintain sleep in spite of high levels of brain activity.
D) currently unknown.

Question 74

 During REM sleep,

A) the hippocampus is relatively inactive.
B) primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe is unusually active.
C) the frontal lobes are unusually active.
D) the frontal lobes are relatively inactive.

Question 75

 REM sleep becomes possible when the

A) reduced activity of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei disinhibits the rostral pontine reticular formation.
B) increased activity of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei stimulates the rostral pontine reticular formation.
C) increased activity of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei inhibits the rostral pontine reticular formation.
D) decreased activity of the rostral pontine reticular formation stimulates the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei.

Question 76

 The extent of an organism's sleep debt is tracked by which of the following structures?

A) the locus coeruleus
B) the raphe nuclei
C) the lateral geniculate nucleus
D) the POA of the hypothalamus

Question 77

 The anterior raphe nuclei show the same pattern of activation during states of consciousness as the

A) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
B) POA of the hypothalamus.
C) locus coeruleus.
D) pontine reticular formation.

Question 78

 Dr. Hickel has discovered that if she electrically stimulates the cells in the POA, her mice will immediately experience

A) NREM sleep.
B) wakefulness.
C) REM sleep.
D) coma.

Question 79

 During periods of wakefulness, Becki's nervous system produces higher levels of

A) acetylcholine and GABA.
B) acetylcholine and histamine
C) adenosine and melatonin.
D) adenosine and histamine.

Question 80

 Eye movements during REM sleep are associated with

A) a PGO wave.
B) a spike from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.
C) a spike from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus.
D) visual imagery of a static scene, as in stepping off a curb.