Deck 4: Psychopharmacology

Question 1

 The fact that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in marijuana interacts with receptors in the brain suggests that we have some type of naturally occurring substances that are chemically very similar to THC.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) produces its effects by stimulating the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Answer 2

False

Question 3

 The fastest acting neurochemical receptors are ionotropic receptors.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

 Neurochemicals used by neurons are signaling molecules that communicate from presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons.

Question 5

 Curare blocks receptors for acetylcholine (ACh).

Question 6

 Men and women of the same weight drinking two beverages in 1 hour will have the same blood alcohol readings.

Question 7

 A neurohormone is released by neurons into the blood and travels through the blood to activate target cells that have receptors for the neurohormone.

Question 8

 Endorphins are a type of neuropeptide.

Question 9

 The chemical messengers released by neurons that diffuse beyond the synapse to have their effect on surrounding neurons are called

A) neurotransmitters.
B) neuromodulators.
C) neurohormones.
D) neuroenzymes.

Question 10

 While an agonist mimics the effect of the endogenous neurochemical, an antagonist can either mimic or block the normal neurochemical's effect.

Question 11

 Gasotransmitters like nitric oxide (NO) are never packaged into vesicles for release.

Question 12

 Among the criteria for determining whether a substance acts as a neurochemical is the rule that a real neurochemical is not released in response to an action potential.

Question 13

 Release of norepinephrine by cells in the locus coeruleus results in arousal and vigilance.

Question 14

 Small-molecule neurochemicals must be synthesized in the cell body, whereas neuropeptides can be synthesized anywhere in the neuron.

Question 15

 Chemical messengers that act on neurons in the immediate vicinity of their release, generally at synapses, are

A) neurotransmitters.
B) neuromodulators.
C) neurohormones.
D) neuroenzymes.

Question 16

 Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurochemical in the central nervous system (CNS).

Question 17

 Chemical messengers released by a neuron that travels in the blood to affect other cells are called

A) neurotransmitters.
B) neuromodulators.
C) neurohormones.
D) neuroenzymes.

Question 18

 Agonists always have a beneficial effect on neural activity, but antagonists are always poisonous.

Question 19

 Nicotine is an agonist for the type of ACh receptors present on muscle.

Question 20

 A neurochemical is released from a neuron and diffuses away to influence neurons somewhat distant from the releasing neuron. The chemical is a(n)

A) neurotransmitter.
B) neuromodulator.
C) neurohormone.
D) enzyme.

Question 21

 Small-molecule neurochemicals are typically synthesized in the ________, but neuropeptides are synthesized in the ______.

A) cell body, axon terminal
B) axon terminal, cell body
C) axon terminal, axon terminal
D) cell body, cell body

Question 22

 Professor Murthy is studying neurons that release a particular small-molecule neurotransmitter. In many of these neurons, the professor should expect to see

A) no other types of neurotransmitters.
B) a second type of small-molecule neurotransmitter.
C) at least one type of neuropeptide neurotransmitter.
D) at least one other type of small-molecule neurotransmitter and multiple types of neuropeptides neurotransmitters.

Question 23

 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A) acts on the precursors of ACh to produce the final form of the neurochemical.
B) breaks down ACh in the synaptic gap.
C) acts on ACh to produce choline.
D) acts on ChAT to produce ACh.

Question 24

 Muscarinic receptors respond to

A) muscarine, a substance found in tobacco, and ACh.
B) muscarine, a substance found in Amanita mushrooms, and ACh.
C) muscarine, nicotine, and ACh.
D) ACh only.

Question 25

 Neurons releasing ACh are found in the

A) preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
B) preganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system and both the preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system.
C) preganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system and both the preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.
D) postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system and the preganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 26

 The neurochemical used in the vertebrate neuromuscular junction is

A) dopamine.
B) GABA.
C) ACh.
D) serotonin.

Question 27

 The release of vesicles containing neuropeptides requires

A) higher levels of calcium than the release of small-molecule neurochemicals.
B) lower levels of calcium than the release of small-molecule neurochemicals.
C) approximately equal levels of calcium as the release of small-molecule neurochemicals.
D) no calcium at all.

Question 28

 Upon release into the synapse, neuropeptides differ from small-molecule transmitters as they

A) cannot be deactivated by enzymes, whereas small-molecule transmitters diffuse away or are deactivated by reuptake.
B) are deactivated by reuptake, whereas small-molecule transmitters diffuse away or are deactivated by enzymes.
C) can diffuse away from synapses, whereas small-molecule transmitters are deactivated by reuptake.
D) and small-molecule transmitters can be deactivated by diffusion, enzymes, or reuptake.

Question 29

 Vesicles

A) containing neuropeptides are used only once, whereas vesicles containing small molecule neurochemicals are recycled.
B) containing small molecule neurochemicals are used only once, whereas vesicles containing neuropeptides are recycles.
C) containing some small molecule neurochemicals are recycled, while vesicles containing other types of small molecules are not.
D) containing some neuropeptides are recycled, while vesicles containing other types of neuropeptides are not.

Question 30

 Neurons using which of the following neurochemicals are especially likely to deteriorate in cases of Alzheimer's disease?

A) dopamine
B) GABA
C) ACh
D) serotonin

Question 31

 Nicotinic receptors are sensitive to both nicotine and

A) muscarine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) serotonin.
D) ACh.

Question 32

 Which of the following statements accurately describes the locations of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?

A) Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
B) Muscarinic receptors are found in the CNS only, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the peripheral nervous system only.
C) Nicotinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas muscarinic receptors are found in the CNS only.
D) Muscarinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the CNS only.

Question 33

 ACh released into the synaptic gap is deactivated primarily by

A) diffusion away from the synapse.
B) absorption by astrocytes.
C) reuptake.
D) enzymes.

Question 34

 Which of the following statements about nicotinic and muscarinic receptors is true?

A) Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic, whereas muscarinic receptors are metabotropic.
B) Nicotinic receptors are metabotropic, whereas muscarinic receptors are ionotropic.
C) Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are both ionotropic.
D) Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are both metabotropic.

Question 35

 Which of the following substances is found only in neurons that produce ACh?

A) choline
B) acetyl CoA
C) tryptophan
D) ChAT

Question 36

 Rob and his friends were experimenting with the hallucinogenic Amanita mushrooms, and he experienced a sudden drop in blood pressure. Which of the following is the best explanation for Rob's symptoms?

A) The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with dopaminergic receptors in Rob's peripheral nervous system.
B) The nicotine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's CNS.
C) The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's peripheral nervous system.
D) The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's CNS.

Question 37

 A chemical messenger released from the hypothalamus that acts on cells in the pituitary is a

A) neurotransmitters.
B) neuromodulators.
C) neurohormones.
D) neuroenzymes.

Question 38

 ______ rely on cholinergic neurons in the frontal lobes of the brain.

A) Regulating mood and appetite
B) Processing olfaction
C) Learning and memory
D) Maintaining homeostasis

Question 39

 Henry Dale proposed that neurons could only release one type of chemical messenger. This assertion is

A) correct.
B) incorrect, as some neurons can release two small molecules in different locations.
C) partially correct, in that neuropeptides are never found in the same neuron as amines or amino acids.
D) partially correct, as neurons nearly always release more than a dozen neurotransmitters whenever stimulated.

Question 40

 The neurochemical ACh is synthesized from

A) acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), usually found in dietary fats, and choline, a substance formed by the actions of mitochondria within cells.
B) choline from dietary fats and acetyl CoA, both of which are acted on by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to produce ACh.
C) the amino acid tyrosine, synthesized from the phenylalanine found in foods.
D) tryptophan, an amino acid found in chocolate, milk, and poultry.

Question 41

 L-dopa is the precursor molecule in the synthesis of

A) dopamine only.
B) dopamine and epinephrine.
C) dopamine and norepinephrine.
D) dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Question 42

 Jessica is worried about the impact of her smoking habit on her health. After studying biological psychology, she knows that nicotine would have an effect on

A) her peripheral nervous system only.
B) her central nervous system only.
C) both her peripheral and central nervous systems.
D) neither her peripheral nor central nervous systems, because she only smokes a couple of cigarettes with friends during weekend parties.

Question 43

 Dopaminergic receptor subtypes are

A) always fast ionotropic.
B) always slow metabotropic.
C) fast metabotropic in systems involved with reward but slow ionotropic in systems involved with movement.
D) slow and fast metabotropic in systems involved with movement but fast ionotropic in systems involved with reward.

Question 44

 Which of the following neurochemicals is a monoamine?

A) glutamate
B) GABA
C) ACh
D) norepinephrine

Question 45

 Which of the following neurochemicals undergoes its final synthesis step within synaptic vesicles?

A) ACh
B) norepinephrine
C) epinephrine
D) dopamine

Question 46

 Tryptophan is the precursor for synthesis of this neurochemical

A) serotonin.
B) dopamine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) epinephrine.

Question 47

 Adrenergic and noradrenergic receptor subtypes are

A) always ionotropic.
B) always metabotropic.
C) ionotropic in synapses using norepinephrine and metabotropic in synapses using epinephrine.
D) ionotropic in synapses using epinephrine and metabotropic in synapses using norepinephrine.

Question 48

 Given the typical symptoms of attention deficit disorder (ADHD), the primary of which involves difficulty paying attention, which of the following neurochemicals do you think would be involved?

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) epinephrine

Question 49

 Parkinson's disease typically results from degeneration of brain systems using the neurochemical

A) dopamine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) epinephrine.
D) serotonin.

Question 50

 Which of the following neurochemicals is not a catecholamine?

A) serotonin
B) epinephrine
C) dopamine
D) norepinephrine

Question 51

 Monoamine oxidase would break down all of the following neurochemicals except

A) serotonin.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) ACh.

Question 52

 Which of the following neurochemicals is an indoleamine?

A) epinephrine
B) norepinephrine
C) serotonin
D) dopamine

Question 53

 In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), people often feel hypervigilant, or are unable to relax even when they're in a very safe situation. Which of the following neurochemicals might be involved in this unusual state?

A) ACh
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) norepinephrine

Question 54

 Due to a very high level of stress and arousal, Kim is having difficulty getting to sleep at night. The activity of which of the following neurochemicals might be participating in Kim's sleeping problem?

A) norepinephrine
B) ACh
C) dopamine
D) GABA

Question 55

 During the synthesis of the neurochemical _________, a precursor is released from synaptic vesicles back into the intracellular fluid for conversion by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyl-transferase (PNMT).

A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) epinephrine
D) serotonin

Question 56

 The primary site of norepinephrine in the brain is the ________, which is located in the ________.

A) substantia nigra; occipital lobe
B) raphe nucleus; reticular activating system
C) locus coeruleus; pons
D) nucleus accumbens; cerebellum

Question 57

 Tyrosine serves as a substrate or building block for the synthesis of which of the following neurochemicals?

A) ACh
B) indoleamines
C) histamines
D) catecholamines

Question 58

 The mesostriatal pathway, also known as the nigrostriatal pathway, uses the neurochemical

A) dopamine and is important in movement.
B) dopamine and is important in the development of Parkinson's disease.
C) norepinephrine and is important in vigilance.
D) serotonin and is important in mood.

Question 59

 Once released into the synapse, monoamines are deactivated in the synapse by

A) reuptake.
B) diffusion.
C) enzymes.
D) enzymes and reuptake.

Question 60

 The neurochemical ______ is used in brain systems that involve motivated behaviors and reward.

A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) epinephrine
D) serotonin

Question 61

 ?(see Figure 4.11c) This image on the left illustrates the activation of which of the following types of receptor?

 

A) an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor
B) a kainate glutamate receptor
C) a nicotinic dopamine receptor
D) a GABAA receptor

Question 62

 Which of the following amino acid neurochemicals might be effective in treating insomnia?

A) Glycine
B) GABA
C) Glutamate
D) Aspartate

Question 63

 Which of the following neurochemicals is a byproduct of the energy molecule ATP?

A) glycine
B) GABA
C) glutamate
D) adenosine

Question 64

 Which of the following receptors is both voltage-dependent and ligand-dependent?

A) NMDA
B) AMPA
C) kainate
D) muscarinic

Question 65

 The NMDA receptor, kainate receptor, and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid (AMPA) receptor all respond to

A) serotonin.
B) epinephrine.
C) glutamate.
D) GABA.

Question 66

 Jennifer enjoys Asian food, but carefully avoids the food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG). If she eats it by mistake, she experiences a rapid pulse, chest pain, and nausea. Jennifer's symptoms might result from activity of which of the following neurochemicals?

A) GABA
B) glutamate
C) serotonin
D) dopamine

Question 67

 Dr. Watts has discovered a new chemical that blocks adenosine receptors. When rats are injected with the new chemical, what is Dr. Watts likely to observe?

A) The rats will fall asleep.
B) The rats will be wakeful.
C) The rats will be more responsive to pain than usual.
D) The rats will not show any obvious changes in behavior.

Question 68

 Which ion(s) pass through open NMDA receptor channels?

A) chloride
B) sodium and chloride
C) calcium
D) sodium and calcium

Question 69

 The regulation of sleep, mood, and appetite involves brain systems using the neurochemical

A) serotonin.
B) dopamine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) epinephrine.

Question 70

 Excess release of which neurochemical is toxic to neurons?

A) glutamate
B) GABA
C) dopamine
D) serotonin

Question 71

 Which of the following neuropeptides are released by the pituitary gland?

A) Substance P
B) Endorphins
C) Oxytocin
D) Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 72

 Histamine activity in the brain is typically associated with

A) satiety.
B) dreaming.
C) drowsiness.
D) alertness.

Question 73

 In the human brain, about how many neurons use serotonin as their primary neurochemical?

A) 200,000
B) 1 million
C) 200 million
D) 1 billion

Question 74

 Relative to neurons using other neurochemicals, serotonergic neurons

A) are quite numerous.
B) are surprisingly few in number.
C) project to very limited parts of the brain.
D) do not have different receptor subtypes.

Question 75

 The major inhibitory neurochemical of the CNS is

A) glutamate.
B) GABA.
C) serotonin.
D) ACh.

Question 76

 A neuropeptide involved with the perception of pain is

A) substance P.
B) CCK.
C) oxytocin.
D) vasopressin.

Question 77

 The primary location of serotonergic neurons in the brain is the

A) substantia nigra.
B) raphe nucleus.
C) locus coeruleus.
D) nucleus accumbens.

Question 78

 The most common excitatory neurochemical in the CNS is

A) serotonin.
B) ACh.
C) GABA.
D) glutamate.

Question 79

 Glutamate can be toxic to neurons because

A) NMDA receptors allow calcium into a cell, and excess calcium can stimulate harmful levels of enzyme activity.
B) NMDA receptors block the movement of calcium into a cell, preventing the release of other neurochemicals.
C) it blocks receptors for other types of neurochemicals, preventing effective communication between cells.
D) its breakdown in the synaptic gap produces harmful free radicals.

Question 80

 NMDA receptors are blocked by _____ ions unless the membrane is depolarized.

A) sodium
B) magnesium
C) potassium
D) calcium