Deck 16: Psychological Treatment

Question 1

A sexual relationship between a therapist and a patient is ___________

A) a natural outcome of the therapeutic alliance.
B) common, occurring in at least one-third of therapeutic relationships.
C) the most obvious and extreme example of boundary violation.
D) part of the transference process and usually only temporary.

Answer 1

the most obvious and extreme example of boundary violation.

Question 2

The outcome of psychotherapy is usually dependent on whether the therapist and client achieve ________

A) a certain similarity of personal style.
B) mutual self-disclosure.
C) an explicit therapeutic contract.
D) a productive working alliance.

Answer 2

a productive working alliance.

Question 3

Which of the following is the best example of a "model" therapy session?

A) A child with ADHD is taught ways to filter out distractions.
B) A woman with an anxiety disorder is taught relaxation techniques.
C) An alcoholic sees a therapist, attends AA meetings, and is taking an antidepressant medication.
D) There is no "model" therapy.

Answer 3

There is no "model" therapy.

Question 4

Which of the following is the most significant challenge to establishing that therapy is effective?

A) Placebo effects commonly occur.
B) It is impossible to assess anything in therapy.
C) Many people improve without formal treatment.
D) Few psychotherapies are more effective than medical treatments.

Question 5

The current practice of providing treatment stresses _________

A) the value of confining a patient to a mental hospital.
B) the individual's responsibility for finding a personal solution to his or her problems.
C) the coordination of services in the community.
D) turning over to the patient's family the responsibility for behavior change.

Question 6

Which of the following would be the most objective way of evaluating treatment success?

A) Gathering information about the therapist's impression of the changes that have occurred
B) Looking at the client's reports of change
C) Asking the client's family and friends to report on the progress they have observed
D) Measuring the change through personality tests and other instruments

Question 7

Which of the following is not an element of a therapeutic alliance?

A) A sense of working together to solve a problem
B) Client acceptance of the therapist's theoretical orientation
C) Agreement between client and therapist about the goals of therapy
D) An affective bond between the client and therapist

Question 8

Which of the following is a disadvantage of psychotherapy?

A) It is ineffective in treating severe mental disorders.
B) It takes time.
C) It is significantly more expensive than all other forms of treatment.
D) It is generally less effective than talking out your problems with a friend or family member.

Question 9

Therapy outcome studies depend on ratings of the changes seen in clients. One reason that therapists' ratings may be unreliable is because ________

A) they cannot see the client's behavior in a range of settings.
B) they have a limited range of clients on whom to compare an individual client's improvement.
C) they usually base their judgments on superficial personality tests.
D) they are not in a good position to compare behavior before and after treatment.

Question 10

Individuals vary tremendously in their degree of motivation for psychological treatment. Who is likely to be the most motivated?

A) Harvey, who is going through a job layoff and feels overwhelmed by the crisis.
B) Jennifer, who was referred by the court to undergo therapy because of a drunk driving charge.
C) Marvin, whose wife has said she will divorce him unless he gets treatment for his compulsive gambling.
D) Barry, who is sure he has a heart condition but whose cardiologist suggests he needs psychotherapy to cope with stress better.

Question 11

Which type of mental health professional is able to prescribe psychoactive medications in every state?

A) Clinical psychologist
B) Psychiatrist
C) Psychiatric nurse
D) Psychiatric social worker

Question 12

What recent changes have altered the types of therapy that are available?

A) There is an increased need to prove that therapy is effective.
B) Psychiatrists are hesitant to write prescriptions for many drugs.
C) The increased use of nurses as therapy providers has increased the use of drugs in many community health settings.
D) Many popular therapies have been found to do more harm than good.

Question 13

Which person described below is the "typical" client in psychotherapy?

A) A middle-aged woman with a long history of psychotic behavior
B) An attractive and verbal college student
C) A man who has been coerced into treatment by the legal system
D) There is no "typical" client

Question 14

Which of the following is a key element of the therapeutic relationship?

A) A warm and loving relationship between the therapist and client
B) Family involvement
C) Client reliance on the therapist for direction and guidance
D) Agreement between the client and therapist about the goals of treatment

Question 15

Andrea begins therapy and expects that the therapy will help her. This expectancy ________

A) is necessary to produce positive change.
B) may be enough by itself to produce positive change.
C) is helpful in psychodynamic therapy, but irrelevant to cognitive and behavioral interventions.
D) is irrelevant to the change process.

Question 16

To summarize what is known about psychotherapy effectiveness, we can say that ________

A) the chances of an average client benefiting significantly are impressive.
B) for disorders that have a brief duration, treatment provides no obvious benefit.
C) degree of improvement and number of therapy sessions are unrelated.
D) all therapy outcomes are positive or neutral, none are negative.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about therapy is true?

A) Males are more reluctant than females to seek help for their problems.
B) Few therapies have been found to be effective.
C) Therapy is usually the most expensive approach to a problem.
D) Each therapist has his or her own approach to therapy and does not alter this approach for different clients.

Question 18

In what way does therapy differ from simply talking to a friend or family member about a problem?

A) Therapy takes time, while a friend's guidance is more likely to lead to a "quick fix" of the problem.
B) Friends provide empathy, while a professional therapist does not.
C) A therapist's interaction with a client is guided by theory.
D) Therapists will seek to determine the underlying issues that have created the problem.

Question 19

What two professional groups deal extensively with emotional problems but typically do not have specific training in counseling?

A) Physicians and the clergy
B) Physicians and psychiatrists
C) The clergy and psychiatric social workers
D) Psychiatrists and the clergy

Question 20

The advantage of using outside independent observers or pre/post-test comparisons to evaluate a client's progress is that ________

A) they take less time and are less costly.
B) they increase the objectivity of ratings over those given by the people involved in treatment.
C) they ensure that there is no "regression to the mean" phenomenon.
D) they provide a valid prediction of how the client will behave in real life.

Question 21

A token economy is ________

A) a form of imaginal exposure therapy.
B) a type of in vivo exposure therapy.
C) a type of contingency management.
D) a form of modeling therapy.

Question 22

What is "double-blind" study?

A) Each patient receives both the drug being tested and a placebo, so that the effects of the drug can be compared to the effects of the patient's expectations.
B) While the patient is aware to what treatment he or she is receiving, his or her family, friends, and therapist are not.
C) Both the patient being given the drug and whoever will evaluate the drug's effects do not know whether the patient was given the treatment or the placebo.
D) Two conditions are used, a treatment and a placebo.

Question 23

Dennis has disorganized type of schizophrenia. He has lived in an institution for years. He rarely shows any attempt at socializing. A new program is started?every time Dennis speaks to another person he is given a piece of red paper. At the end of each week, he can use the red papers to get cigarettes or extra privileges. This new program is _________

A) an in vivo exposure program.
B) a token economy.
C) guided exposure.
D) modeling.

Question 24

Behavior therapy is based on the belief that ________

A) medications cause more harm than good.
B) internal states, such as thoughts and feelings, are not as important as overt behavior.
C) abnormal behavior is learned the same ways as normal behavior and can be unlearned.
D) thoughts influence behavior and thoughts can be changed.

Question 25

A randomized clinical trial is a study where ________

A) all subjects are treated the same to see what percentage of the total gets better, stays the same, or gets worse.
B) people are assigned to different types of treatment in alternating alphabetical order to see which treatment is best.
C) people go through different treatments in random order to see which one works best.
D) people are assigned to different groups by a flip of a coin, one-half to a treatment group and one-half to a seemingly identical placebo group.

Question 26

Manualized therapies first originated in order to ________

A) treat bipolor disorder
B) standardize psychosocial treatments for RCTs
C) keep therapists acting ethically
D) aid sleep researchers

Question 27

Dr. Hart says, "For me, the goal of treatment is not to uncover inner conflicts, but to help the client achieve adaptive responses that he or she can control and maintain through self-monitoring." Dr. Hart probably considers herself to be a ________ therapist.

A) behavior
B) psychodynamically oriented
C) humanistic
D) family systems

Question 28

While ________ can be used in treatment, it also a means by which problematic behaviors are acquired when others' behavior is problematic.

A) imaginal exposure
B) systematic desensitization
C) modeling
D) contingency management

Question 29

Which of the following is a form of behavior therapy that is commonly used in the treatment of anxiety disorders?

A) Rational emotive behavior therapy
B) Stress-inoculation therapy
C) Gestalt therapy
D) Systematic desensitization

Question 30

What do the medications used to treat mental illnesses do?

A) Cure the illness
B) Restore brain chemistry to normal functioning
C) Replace depleted neurotransmitters
D) Treat the symptoms of the illness with biochemical changes

Question 31

How commonly are medications and therapy combined today?

A) Combined treatments tend to only be used in an inpatient setting.
B) Approximately 75 percent of those with a mental illness are treated with therapy alone, 10 percent use medications only, and just 15 percent are treated with both.
C) While the combined approach is commonly used in the treatment of children, the same is not true in the adult population where the "quick fix" of medication is the norm.
D) Research suggests that many of those in treatment receive both psychotherapy and medication.

Question 32

What has research on the use of a combined approach to the treatment of mental disorders demonstrated?

A) Adding medication to psychosocial treatment for depression does not improve clinical outcomes
B) Psychotherapy alone yields the best results.
C) Psychotherapy in combination with a placebo or medication yields the best results.
D) Adding medication to psychosocial treatment for anxiety does not improve clinical outcomes.

Question 33

What is usually used as a placebo in a study of psychosocial treatments?

A) A sugar pill
B) A wait list
C) Self-help meetings
D) Group therapy

Question 34

Chrissy and her therapist together wrote a list of ten scenes involving Chrissy's fear of flying. After teaching her a relaxation technique, Chrissy's therapist told her to imagine herself in the least frightening scene while she made herself feel relaxed. Chrissy was undergoing ________

A) exposure in vivo.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) modeling therapy.
D) rational emotive therapy.

Question 35

Which of the following is a disadvantage of psychopharmacology?

A) Relapse is likely when drugs use is terminated.
B) Drugs are rarely effective in controlling psychotic symptoms.
C) A shortage of psychopharmacologists.
D) It is hard to distinguish wanted side effects from unwanted ones.

Question 36

The use of drugs that have noxious effects and viewing movies that elicit disgust are both techniques associated with ________

A) token economies.
B) aversion therapy.
C) guided exposure therapy.
D) EMDR therapy.

Question 37

Which of the following is a challenge of conducting randomized clinical trials of the effectiveness of therapy?

A) The client will never find out whether or not he or she was treated.
B) Most clients will never improve on their own without treatment.
C) There is little variation between different types of therapy.
D) Even therapists who use the same techniques will differ in their delivery.

Question 38

Punishment is a component of ________

A) EMDR therapy.
B) modeling.
C) aversion therapy.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 39

Yuko is painfully shy. Her therapist first shows her appropriate social skills so she can interact competently with others. Then Yuko attempts the same behavior while getting feedback. This illustrates the behavior therapy technique called ________

A) guided exposure.
B) covert sensitization.
C) modeling.
D) contingency management.

Question 40

In Keller's research study of depressed patients, more patients did well in the _________ condition than in the __________ condition, but the _________ was clearly the most effective.

A) medication-only, psychotherapy-only, combined treatment
B) psychotherapy-only, medication-only, combined treatment
C) combined treatment, psychotherapy-only, medication-only
D) combined treatment, medication-only, psychotherapy -only

Question 41

Key ideas in Gestalt therapy are ________

A) irrational beliefs, interpersonal conflicts, and unconscious impulses.
B) empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.
C) integration of thought, feeling, and action.
D) genetics, early childhood training, and social stressors.

Question 42

A basic assumption of cognitive-behavior therapy is ________

A) problems can be solved using pragmatic techniques that change thinking and behavior.
B) abnormal behavior is learned like normal behavior and can be unlearned.
C) people have the freedom and responsibility to control their own lives.
D) only observable behaviors can really be changed.

Question 43

The text reported the case of a 6-year-old boy who had a history of disruptive behavior in class. His parents and teacher were instructed to ignore the disruptive behavior while reinforcing appropriate behavior. This is an example of ________

A) systematic reinforcement.
B) modeling.
C) aversion therapy.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 44

Dr. Patel says this about his goals in therapy: "I want my patients to become aware of their repressed memories from childhood and come to terms with them in the light of adult realities." Dr. Patel most likely prefers ________ therapy.

A) flooding
B) gestalt
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive

Question 45

For which client is behavior therapy most likely to be effective?

A) Wilson, whose complaint is fear of spiders.
B) Angela, who has a variety of personality disorders.
C) Colin, who is struggling with vague concerns about his career and marital prospects.
D) Tamara, who is trying to understand the origins of her personality.

Question 46

Which of the following is an advantage of behavior therapy?

A) It targets specific emotions and thoughts.
B) It works well if a problem is vague and ill-defined.
C) It works even though there is no scientific support for it.
D) It usually achieves results in a relatively short period of time.

Question 47

________ therapies developed in reaction to problems of alienation, loneliness, and failure to find meaning in life.

A) Humanistic-experiential
B) Cognitive
C) Object relations
D) Family

Question 48

Lawrence, a hypochondriac, gains a great deal of attention from his family when he complains about health problems; they tend to ignore him when he talks about other topics. A behavior therapist has instructed the family to reverse these responses: ignore the complaints and reinforce other topics. What kind of treatment does this best illustrate?

A) Aversion therapy
B) Contingency management
C) Guided exposure
D) Systematic desensitization

Question 49

Gestalt therapy is commonly conducted in which of the following forms?

A) Individual therapy
B) Pharmacotherapy
C) Behavior therapy
D) Group therapy

Question 50

Which of the following is a criticism of humanistic-experiential therapies?

A) Too focused on behavior
B) Impersonal approach
C) Too much emphasis on early experiences
D) Goals are not clear

Question 51

Joan was surprised that, when she went to therapy, her therapist didn't ask her questions, but just listened to her talk. She said she felt very comfortable with the therapist and felt she could say anything at all and be accepted, unlike with her critical parents. She said she could try out new ideas and the therapist was always warm and nonjudgmental. Joan was probably in ________

A) rational emotive therapy.
B) psychodynamic therapy.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) client-centered therapy.

Question 52

According to the views of Carl Rogers, what is an important component in therapy?

A) Creating an environment of strict rules and much guidance
B) Creating an environment where the patient feels accepted, understood, and valued
C) Restructuring thought processes
D) Reinforcing adaptive behaviors with rewards

Question 53

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is based on the concept that ________

A) reinforcement and punishment are the best way to change behavior.
B) thinking influences emotion, motivation, and behavior.
C) behavior must change before cognitive changes can occur.
D) the therapist should take a less active role than is typically the case in behavior therapies.

Question 54

According to a recent meta-analysis of 40 years of data on cognitive-behavioral therapy, _________

A) more experienced clinicians have better treatment effects than less experienced ones.
B) is less effective than aversion therapy and other behavioral techniques.
C) male patients benefit more than female patients.
D) the changes it produces in the brain are only temporary.

Question 55

Dr. Lucas says to a client with anxiety disorders, "It is your unrealistic beliefs and perfectionistic values that cause you to be so anxious, not the events of your life." Dr. Lucas probably supports the assumptions of ________ therapy.

A) humanistic
B) psychodynamic
C) rational emotive behavior
D) systematic desensitization

Question 56

In Beck's cognitive therapy, an early "homework" assignment would be ________

A) learning to relax.
B) listing one's beliefs about one's competencies.
C) recording one's automatic thoughts and any associated emotional reactions.
D) intentionally facing situations that one believes are emotionally overwhelming.

Question 57

Abby is participating in cognitive-behavioral therapy to treat her depression. Her therapist will ________

A) help her conduct "experiments" to test a variety of hypotheses about the accuracy of her cognitions.
B) use empathy and accurate reflection so that Abby will come to accept the ways she interprets her experience.
C) be nondirective in helping her change.
D) demonstrate ways of acting and then ask her to imitate these.

Question 58

In contrast to most other forms of therapy, the client-centered therapist ________

A) focuses on present concerns rather than past problems.
B) does not give answers or interpretations nor even steer the client onto certain topics.
C) teaches a new set of beliefs and values so the client can cope more effectively.
D) helps make the client's unconscious concerns conscious.

Question 59

According to rational-emotive behavior therapy, which of the following is one of the irrational beliefs at the core of psychological maladjustment?

A) Moderation in all activities leads to greater long-term satisfaction.
B) One should be thoroughly competent and intelligent in all respects.
C) It is undesirable when things are not the way we would like them to be.
D) One should do everything possible, within one's means, to live a fulfilling life.

Question 60

Humanistic-experiential therapies are based in the belief that psychopathology is, in part, a result of ________

A) faulty learning.
B) self-defeating thinking.
C) early parental interactions.
D) lack of fulfillment.

Question 61

Psychotherapy is best viewed as ________

A) a set of tools.
B) a system of ethics.
C) a means of keeping society "sick."
D) a form of mind control.

Question 62

Psychodynamic interpersonally oriented therapies agree with classical psychoanalysis in the importance of ________

A) focusing on the transference neurosis.
B) the transformation of sexual energy into neurotic behaviors.
C) understanding the present in terms of the past.
D) the therapist being passive and impersonal.

Question 63

An analysis of psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy found that ________

A) there is great promise in it for borderline personality disorder.
B) results of this therapy are largely unsuccessful.
C) those that stress traditional psychoanalytic principles have the highest degree of success.
D) the interpersonal forms of treatment are among the least useful.

Question 64

One of the goals of ________ is changing the organization of the family such that the family members behave more supportively toward each other.

A) integrative behavioral couple therapy
B) classical psychoanalytic family therapy
C) transference-focused psychotherapy
D) structural family therapy

Question 65

A psychotherapist says to her client, "Say whatever comes to your mind, no matter how strange or painful it may seem." The psychotherapist is encouraging ________

A) transference.
B) resistance.
C) free association.
D) counter-transference.

Question 66

The Brady family is attending family therapy sessions. The therapist has told them, "If the whole family context changes, Jan's problem behavior will change as well." The family therapist probably agrees with the ________ therapy approach.

A) structural family
B) behavioral family
C) cognitive
D) conjoint family

Question 67

How has psychodynamic therapy changed over time?

A) It focuses on all relationships, not just early experiences.
B) Many elements of behavior therapy have been incorporated.
C) Transference is no longer used.
D) It differs little from client-centered therapy.

Question 68

Traditional behavioral couples therapy ________

A) uses training in communication skills and adaptive problem-solving to increase caring behaviors in couples.
B) tries to involve spouses in the treatment of people with severe mental disorders to prevent relapse after they are released from the hospital.
C) treats the couple together for any problems that only one of them has, because the couple is seen as a "system" that influences each other.
D) uses training in relaxation skills and imagery to reduce anxiety in couples.

Question 69

According to psychoanalysts, what is the therapist's task when doing dream analysis?

A) Overcome the client's natural tendency to resist change.
B) Uncover the disguised meanings of the manifest content.
C) Explain that the latent and manifest content have little to do with one another.
D) Reduce the client's tendency to use transference when he/she remembers a dream.

Question 70

What led to the development of family therapy?

A) The observation that signs of mental illness often were seen in more than one family member
B) The recognition that most psychological disorders can be attributed to and cause dysfunctional relationships
C) The realization that the family environment played a role in whether relapse occurred
D) The established importance of the interaction of nature and nurture in the development if all forms of psychopathology

Question 71

In structural family therapy, ________

A) the therapist is very directive in order to break up the existing power structure in the family.
B) the focus is on past interactions as they have given rise to present problems.
C) the therapist initially acts like one of the family and participates in family interactions.
D) the therapist adopts a Rogerian approach, focusing on good listening skills and clarification.

Question 72

When asked what their orientation is, what do most of today's psychotherapists say?

A) Behavioral
B) Cognitive-behavioral
C) Eclectic
D) Interpersonal

Question 73

Dr. Clark is making notes about a client. Which of the following best illustrates the analysis of resistance?

A) The client is able to talk freely about his mother but not report anything about his father
B) On instruction, the client says whatever comes into his/her head, regardless of how silly it sounds
C) The client reports a dream about riding a wild horse in a tunnel.
D) Reminding the client who has become insulting that she is, after all, a helping professional and not the client's abusive mother

Question 74

The technique of free association is designed to ________

A) help the client feel understood and not judged.
B) help the client fully experience his or her emotions during therapy.
C) explore unconscious and preconscious material.
D) keep the client in the present.

Question 75

One criticism of traditional behavioral couple therapy has been ________

A) its focus on faulty role expectations.
B) the assumption that a good marriage requires an underlying friendship.
C) the belief that keeping channels of communication open will help solve problems.
D) the emphasis on change.

Question 76

Jack tells his therapist about a dream in which he struggles to drive a car that takes him in directions he does not want to go. The therapist interprets the dream to mean that Jack is trying to get control of his career future but feels he is being controlled by others. This suggests that the ________

A) manifest content of the dream is the issue of Jack's career future.
B) latent content of the dream is the story of trying to drive the car.
C) manifest content of the dream is the story of trying to drive the car.
D) the therapist is trying to get Jack to argue with him or her.

Question 77

Freud called dreams "the royal road to the unconscious" because he believed ________

A) dreams prevented people from uncovering their true feelings.
B) people intentionally dreamed about material they wanted to discuss in therapy but were afraid to.
C) defenses were lowered during sleep and repressed material would start to come out in dreams.
D) people would only tell him about unimportant dreams, so he could dismiss the topics they brought up.

Question 78

Research on the impact of matching the client's race and ethnicity with the therapist's indicates that ________

A) racial matching is crucial to success, but ethnic matching is less conclusive.
B) there is no solid evidence that outcomes are diminished when client and therapist are not matched.
C) while clients do not care whether there is a match, outcomes are influenced by a lack of matching.
D) racial matching is crucial to success, but matching on the client's primary language is not.

Question 79

A son of a critical father comes to therapy one day and with no provocation is extremely hostile in his remarks to the therapist. The therapist might consider that ________ is occurring.

A) free association
B) countertransference
C) transference
D) resistance

Question 80

A good example of psychotherapy being used as a guardian of the status quo ________

A) occurs when psychotherapy is viewed as a set of tools rather than a system of ethics.
B) is when a Rogerian therapist takes a nondirective approach with a client.
C) occurred when psychiatry was used as a means of political control in the former Soviet Union.
D) happens when therapists disregard their therapeutic approach and use whatever technique works for the client.